Solution & Explanation for TOEFL iBT Reading Practice Test 20 ( From Barron’s TOEFL’S iBT)

Reading 1 “The Hydrologic Cycle”

1. B Solar energy is the source of power for the hydrologic cycle paraphrases “The hydrologic cycle is driven by solar energy” and begins by evaporating water from plants, soil, oceans, and freshwater sources paraphrases “evaporates water from oceans, freshwater bodies, soils, and vegetation.”

2. D “The hydrologic cycle is the transfer of water from the oceans to the atmosphere to the land and back to the oceans.” Choices A and B are not correct because they are not complete since they refer to only part of the cycle. Choice C is not correct because it refers to water sources, not the process.

3. D “Of the total 1.3 billion cubic km water on Earth, about 97% is in oceans, and about 2% is in glaciers and ice caps. The rest [of the water] is in freshwater on land and in the atmosphere.” The pronoun phrase “The rest” does not refer to Choices A, B, and C.

4. C “… water on land [freshwater] is important in moving chemicals, sculpturing landscape, weathering rocks, transporting sediments, and providing our water resources.” Choice A is not correct because the rate of evaporation is not compared. Choice B is not correct because 97% of the water is in oceans, not freshwater sources. Choice D is true, but it is not the reason why freshwater is considered important.

5. B “… the building of large dams and reservoirs, can change the amount of water evaporated into the atmosphere and change the location and amount of precipitation on land.” Choice A is not correct because pavement increases flooding. Choice C is not correct because it refers to the purpose of the man-made water sources, not to their effect on the water cycle. Choice D is not correct because aqueducts transport water from the mountains, but they do not improve the flow into the oceans.

6. B In this passage, part is a synonym for “component.” Context comes from the references to “percentages.”

7. C In this passage, basic is a synonym for “fundamental.” Context comes from the usage with “unit,” which is often described as “basic” or “fundamental.”

8. A “A drainage basin is usually named for its main stream or river, such as the Mississippi River drainage basin.” The phrase “such as” signals an example. Choices B, C, and D are true, but they are not the reason that the author mentions the Mississippi River.

9. D “… this relatively small amount of water in the global water cycle {0.001 % of the total water on Earth] . . . produces all our freshwater resources.” Choice A is not correct because the residence time of 9 days is more than one week. Choice B is not correct because both glaciers and oceans are unsuitable for human use. Choice C is not correct because only a relatively small amount of water is in the global water cycle at any one time.

10. C ”… 99% of Earth’s water in its natural state is unavailable or unsuitable for beneficial human use.” Choice A is not correct because total water abundance is not the problem. Choice B is not correct because water can be found at or near the Earth’s surface. Choice D is not correct because the age of water is not mentioned as a safety hazard.

11. C In this passage, important is a synonym for “significant.” Context comes from the numbers in the fraction.

12. C Cause and effect is a transitional device that connects the insert sentence with the previous sentence. The cause is “distribution of water on land is far from uniform” and the result is water shortages in some areas. Choices A, B, and D are not correct because the cause and result are not in consecutive order.

13. C, E, A summarize the passage. Choice B is a minor point that refers to major point C. Choice D can be inferred from the passage, but it is not developed as a major point. Choice F is true but it is not mentioned in the passage.

Reading 2 “Piaget’s Cognitive Development Theory”

14. C We engage in both organization of what we see and experience paraphrases”… In addition to organizing our observations and experiences” and adaptation of novel ideas paraphrases “we adapt, adjusting to new environmental demands.”

15. A The concepts are explained by the toddler’s new experience with the car as the child “has assimilated these objects . .. and fine-tunes the category . . . accommodating the scheme.” Choice B is not correct because the concepts, not the demonstration, are the lesson. Choice C is not correct because the toddler solves the problem. Choice D is not correct because the example demonstrates the ways that people adapt, not the stages of development.

16. A In this passage, change is a synonym for “adjust.” Context comes from the reference to “adapt” in a previous sentence.

17. B “Some objects such as fingers and the mother’s breast, can be sucked, but others [other objects], such as fuzzy blankets, should not be sucked.” The noun “others” does not refer to Choices A, C, and D.

18. C In this passage, different is a synonym for “distinct.” Context comes from the reference to “different” in the next sentence.

19. B In this passage, complex is a synonym for “sophisticated.”

20. B “… operations, which are internalized mental actions.” Choice A is not correct because symbolic thought occurs in a later stage, after operations. Choice C is not correct because it occurs in an earlier stage, before operations. Choice D is not correct because the reasoning that children can perform in operational stages does not explain the term operations.

21. B “. . . concrete operational thinkers cannot imagine the steps necessary to complete an algebraic equation, which is too abstract for thinking at this stage.” Choice A is not correct because algebra requires formal, not concrete, operational thinking. Choice C is not correct because a child of 10 has reasoning abilities, if they are applied to concrete examples. Choice D is not correct because it is the abstract nature of the steps, not the number of steps, that makes algebra too difficult for a 10-year old.

22. C “They might think about what an ideal parent is like and compare their parents to this ideal standard.” Choice A is true, but it is not the reason that the author mentions parents. Choices B and D are not mentioned in the passage.

23. A Because the formal operational stage is the last stage in Piaget’s theory, and the age range is between 11 and 15, it must be concluded that people who are older than 15 have completed all of the stages. Choice B is not correct because the age range for the formal operational stage is between 11 and 15. Choice C is not correct because logical reasoning replaces intuitive thought in the concrete operational stage from 7 to 11 years of age. Choice D is not correct because there is no evidence to support this conclusion in the passage.

24. C Choice A is mentioned in paragraph 4, sentence 2. Choice B is mentioned in paragraph 3, sentences 2 and 3. Choice D is mentioned in paragraph 7, sentences 3 and 4.

25. C Chronological order is a transitional device that connects the insert sentence with the following sentence. “At the beginning” should appear in the sentence before “At the end” in reference to the sensorimotor stage.

26. E, A, B summarize the passage. Choice C is an explanation of the concrete operational stage, which is a minor point that is used to develop major point B. Choice D is an example of accommodation that supports major point A. Choice F is true, but it is not directly referred to in the passage.

Reading 3 “Conquest by Patents”

27. D “… patents are about the control of technology.” Choices A and B are not correct because protests and lawsuits are caused by patents, but they are not the reason for patents to exist. Choice C is not correct because the “incentive and reward” to inventors is the reason touted [publicized] but not the real reason.

28. D “In the 1760s … Arkwright invented the water-powered spinning frame, a machine destined to bring cotton-spinning out of the home and into the factory. It [a machine] was an invention.” The pronoun “If does not refer to Choices A, B, or C.

29. A Among the laws to protect Britain from competition paraphrases “To protect its [Britain’s] competitive advantage . . . Parliament enacted a series of restrictive measures,” and the textile industry paraphrases “manufactured cloth.”… a ban on exporting Arkwright equipment paraphrases “the prohibition of the export of Arkwright machinery” and the [ban on] emigration of former employees paraphrases “the emigration of any workers who had worked in factories using it [Arkwright machinery].”

30. C “… Samuel Slater, who had worked for years in the Arkwright mills, left England … disguised as a farmer… he was an intellectual property thief.” Choice A is not correct because Slater established the textile mill in America, not in Great Britain. Choice B is not correct because Slater was the only worker from Britain. Choice D is not correct because Slater broke the law.

31. A In this passage, discoveries is a synonym for “innovations.” Context comes from the introduction in the first paragraph that explains the “rights” for “inventors.”

32. B “By the early 1970s… U.S. industry demanded greater protection for its idea-based products.”

Choice A is not correct because the free exchange was favored earlier in the history of the United States. Choice C is not correct because the United States pushed for standards in international trade agreements. Choice D is not correct because the United States blamed the Third World nations for piracy.

33. A “… a counterclaim that these were ‘natural’ or ‘raw* materials and therefore did not qualify for patents.” Choice B is not correct because a high percentage Of the materials originated in plant and animal germplasm taken from the developing world. Choice C is not correct because barely a cent of royalties had been paid. Choice D is a claim against pirates in the Third World, but it is not a justification for using plants and animals from the developing world.

34. B “Such unacknowledged and uncompensated appropriation they named ‘biopiracy.’” Choices A, C, and D are not part of the author’s definition.

35. B In this passage, assist is a synonym for “facilitate.” Context comes from logical reasoning in the sentence that suggests a positive effect. Choice D can be eliminated because it would have a negative effect.

36. D In this passage, ideas is a synonym for “notions.” Context comes from the reference to the abstract concepts of “property and creativity.”

37. A The word “Conquest” conveys the idea of domination, power, and unfair practices. Choices B and C are true, but they do not explain the use of the word “Conquest.” Choice D is not correct because the trade agreements prevent developing nations from exerting the power that they might obtain through ownership of valuable resources.

38. A Chronological order as well as cause and effect are transitional devices that connect the insert sentence with the previous and following sentences. “Arriving in the U.S.” in the insert sentence would have to follow the reference in the previous sentence to the time when Slater “left England for the New World.” The recreation of the factory in the insert sentence was the cause that “enabled the production of commercial-grade cotton cloth in the New World” mentioned in the following sentence.

39. A, D, F summarize the passage. Choices B and C provide an example that develops major point A.

Choice E is a detail that supports major point D.

Solution & Explanation for TOEFL iBT Reading Practice Test 19 ( From Barron’s TOEFL’S iBT)

Reading 1 “Exam and Endangered Species”

1. C . exotic species … a resident of an established community that was deliberately or accidentally moved from its home range and became established elsewhere.” Choice A is not correct because it refers to an endangered species, not an exotic species. Choice B is not correct because exotic species are moved from their communities. Choice D is not correct because an exotic species becomes established, unlike most imports, which fail to thrive outside of their home range.

2. D “Unlike most imports, which can’t take hold outside their home range, an exotic species permanently insinuates itself [the exotic species] into a new community.” The pronoun “itself does not refer to Choices A, B, or C.

3. B In this passage, connect is a synonym for “bond.” Context comes from the result at the end of the same sentence. “… they started to import familiar animals.”

4. C “… no natural predators… was the reality.” Choice A is not correct because it refers to a solution for the problem, not why the plan failed. Choice B is not correct because Australians imported rabbits because they liked the familiar species. Choice D is not correct because it refers to the reason that the rabbits were introduced, not to why the plan failed.

5. C The rabbits create deserts by eating the vegetation, but they were not moved to deserts.

Choice A is mentioned in paragraph 4, sentence 6. Choice B is mentioned in paragraph 4, sentence 7. Choice D is mentioned in paragraph 4, sentence 9.

6. B “Biting insects, mainly mosquitoes and fleas, quickly transmit the virus from host to host.”

Choice A is not correct because South American rabbits are the normal hosts for the myxoma virus. Choice C is not correct because it is the O. cuniculus rabbit that dies when infected. Choice D is not correct because resistant populations of O. cuniculus rabbits, not fleas, have an immunity to the virus.

7. C “… researchers are now questioning whether… it can … infect animals other than rabbits (such as humans).” Choice A is not correct because insects were not mentioned in the Spencer Gulf experiment. Choice B is not correct because the purpose of the experiment was to kill the rabbits. Choice D is not correct because 80 to 95 percent of the rabbits are being killed, but the small number with immunity is not identified as dangerous.

8. C In this passage, results is a synonym for “consequences.” Context comes from the logical connection between researchers “questioning” and the phrase “long-term,” which describes the “consequences.”

9. D The farm and processing plant will manufacture products from kudzu, which will offer partial solutions. Choice A is not correct because kudzu was imported to control erosion, not for manufacture. Choice B is not correct because no argument is presented in defense of the decision. Choice C is not correct because it grows in Asia already.

10. A In this passage, surpasses is a synonym for “exceeds.” Context comes from the logical relationship between “demand” and “supply.”

11. D “When you hear someone bubbling enthusiastically about an exotic species, you can safely bet the speaker isn’t an ecologist… they [exotic species] make native species endangered species.” This introduction establishes the author’s opinion that exotic species are often disruptive to the ecology.

12. C Vocabulary reference is a transitional device that connects the insert sentence with the previous sentence. The connection is the reference to “starch” in both the insert sentence and the previous sentence.

13. E, B, C summarize the passage. Choice A is a minor point that refers to major point C. Choice D is a detail that is not developed as a major point. Choice F is an important fact, but it is not a major point because is it not developed.

Reading 2 “Paleolithic Art”

14. C . the remoteness and difficulty of access … suggests]… magical properties … rituals or dances.” Choice A is not correct because they were probably used for rituals. Choices B and D are not mentioned or implied in the passage.

15. D Choice A is mentioned in paragraph 1, sentence 5. Choice B is mentioned in paragraph 1, sentence 6. Choice C is implied in paragraph 1, sentences 3 and 5.

16. A In this passage, admissionIs a synonym for “access.” Context comes from the contrast with “remoteness” and “difficulty” in the same sentence.

17. C In this passage, assist is a synonym for “facilitate.” Context comes from the contrast of “destruction” and “survival” in the same and following sentences.

18. C “A central problem for both the … theories is that the animals that seem to have been diet staples of Old Stone Age peoples are not those [animals] most frequently portrayed.” The pronoun “those” does not refer to Choices A, B, or D.

19. B In this passage, the phrase not believed describes “discredited.” Choice A describes distracted. Choice C describes discouraged. Choice D describes disorderly. Context comes from the parts of the word. The prefix dis means “not.” The root credit means “believe.”

20. A It is true paraphrases “cannot… be doubted” and the paintings were meaningful paraphrases “the paintings did have meaning.”

21. B “… and composition (how the motifs are arranged on the surface)____A definition appears within the parentheses that follow the word. Choices A and C are not correct because neither an example nor a contrasting statement is included in reference to the word composition. Although “art historians” are mentioned in a previous sentence about the intent of the paintings, they are not referred to in order to define a word.

22. B “Some researchers have considered them [positive imprints] ‘signatures* of cult or community members, or… individual artists.” Choices A and C are not correct because they are not mentioned or implied. Choice D is not correct because the author states that the “handprints . . . must have had a purpose.”

23. C “Old Stone Age painters and sculptors frequently . . . used the caves* naturally irregular surfaces to help give the illusion of real presence to their forms.” Choice A is not correct because the hardness of the stone is not mentioned. Choice B is not correct because the rock formation, not the animals, provided inspiration. Choice D may have been true, but it is not the reason that they selected certain surfaces in the caves.

24. C Because the author presents several different theories and does not offer a strong argument for any of them, the author’s opinion is probably that the exact purpose of cave paintings is not known. Choice A is not correct because the author also presents the food-creation theory and the mythology theory as alternatives to the hunting ritual theory. Choice B is not correct because the mythology theory is not the only possibility discussed. Choice D is not correct because the author suggests several reasons why this theory cannot explain the narrow range of subjects or the inaccessibility of many of the paintings.

25. B Example is a transitional device that connects the insert sentence with the general statement in the previous sentence. The connection is between the general statement “animals that seem to have been diet staples . . . are not. . . portrayed” and the example that “red deer, not bison were eaten.”

26. B, D, A summarize the passage. Choice C is true, but it is a minor point that is mentioned as evidence for Choice B. Choice E is not mentioned in the passage. Choice F is true, but it is a point that is used to develop the ideas in Choice A.

Reading 3 “Group Decision Making”

27. A “Groups accumulate more information, knowledge and facts … and often consider more alternatives.” Choice B is not correct because a group tends to view a problem in more than one way. Choice C is not correct because making recommendations instead of decisions is not mentioned or implied in the passage. Choice D is not correct because each person has experience, but the experience of a group is not mentioned as a reason why a group is chosen to participate.

28. B . people will … be more committed to a decision in which they have had a say than to a decision made for them.” Choice A is true, but more ideas do not explain why the decisions are successful. Choice C is not correct because the help provided by a large number of people is not mentioned in the passage as an advantage during implementation. Choice D is not correct because implementation is successful in group decisions, but the decisions themselves may or may not be successful.

29. B In this passage, significant is a synonym for “considerable.” Context comes from the reference to the “time required to make a decision” as a “disadvantage.”

30. D In this passage, As a result describes “Consequently.” Context comes from the conclusion that follows the word “Consequently.”

31. B “One obvious disadvantage of group decision making is the time required to make a decision.”

Choice A is not correct because the implication is that sometimes a decision could have been made as effectively by an individual. Choice C is not correct because the “cost” refers to the time, not to the pay for group members. Choice D is not correct because groups tend to avoid disagreements.

32. B “All group members need to be encouraged and permitted to contribute.” Choice A is not correct because the group should have goals, and personal goals by one member [the leader] should not dominate the discussion. Choice C is not correct because it is considered a disadvantage when an individual such as the group leader dominates the group. Choice D is not correct because expectations are not mentioned as a responsibility of the group leader.

33. B In this passage, debatable is a synonym for “controversial.” Context comes from the contrast with “social pressure … to conform.”

34. C “. .. a group may try too hard to compromise … to maintain friendships and avoid disagreements.” Choice A is not correct because the group may not make optimal decisions when the members try too hard to compromise. Choice B is not correct because groupthink requires agreement rather than compromise. Choice D is not correct because helping one member to reach a personal goal or win an argument would be the opposite of compromise.

35. A “It occurs when groups are highly cohesive, have highly directive leaders, are insulated so they have no dear ways to get objective information, and—because they lack outside information— have little hope that a better solution might be found than the one [solution] proposed by the leader or other influential group members.” The phrase “the one” does not refer to Choices B, C, or D.

36. B “. . . self-appointed ‘mind guards’ . . . bring pressure on dissenters.” Choice A is not correct because people who conform will not necessarily pressure others. Choice C is not correct because “mind guards” use force to exert influence and may not be the most ethical members. Choice D is not correct because “mind guards” do not disagree with the group.

37. C “… decisions … are made without consideration of. .. alternative options.” Choice A is not correct because the group exerts pressure on dissenters, but dissenters do not exert pressure on the group. Choice B is not correct because it is neither mentioned nor implied in the passage. Choice D is not correct because when groupthink takes place, poor decision making and wrong decisions occur.

38. A Generalization and example is a transitional device that connects the insert sentence with following sentences. “In fact, the traditional group is prone to a variety of difficulties” provides a general statement that introduces the disadvantages developed in the following sentences. Choices B, C, and D would interrupt the examples by inserting the generalization.

39. Advantages: C, D, H Disadvantages: A, B, E, F Not used: G, I

next –> Answers for Reading 5 + Reading 6

Solution & Explanation for TOEFL iBT Reading Practice Test 18 ( From Barron’s TOEFL’S iBT)

Reading 1 “Rising Sea Levels”

1. B In this passage, scale is a synonym for “range.” Context comes from the numbers in the following sentence, .. 10-20 cm____”

2. B In this passage, probably is a synonym for “likely.”

3. B The author mentions an iceberg “the size of Delaware” to impress the reader with the size of the icebergs. Choices A, C, and D are not noted in the reference to Delaware.

4. D “In response to the increasing warmth, the Antarctic Peninsula is sporting new vegetation growth.” Choices A and C are true, but they are not the reason for the new plant life. Choice B is not correct because the islands have appeared because of ice melt, not because the land masses have split.

5. B “About 8000 km of ice shelf are gone, changing maps, freeing up islands to circumnavigation, and creating thousands of icebergs.” Choice A is not correct because a rise in temperature breaks an ice shelf into icebergs. Choice C is not correct because the reference to islands relates to warmer temperatures and melting ice. Choice D is not correct because mountain glaciers that melt will cause a rise in sea level, not the creation of icebergs.

6. B Most of paragraph 5 is in quotation marks in reference to data in a study by the IPCC. Choice A is not correct because the author is quoting data from a source. Choice C is not correct because data on sea levels does not compare one area with another. Choice D is not correct because the author does not mention his studies when he is presenting the data.

7. A In this passage, definite is a synonym for “conclusive.” Context comes from the phrase “the clearest and best evidence” in the following sentence.

8. A The IPCC did not have the data paraphrases “… the new measurements… did not reach the IPCC.”

9. C “… people move away from coastal flooding from the sea-level rise.” Choice A is not correct

because the temperature on land is not mentioned. Choice B is not correct because the vegetation along the coastlines will die as seawater floods it. Choice D is true, but it is not the reason why people will migrate.

10. C The reference to “Particularly tragic social and economic consequences” in the last paragraph

gives an insight into the author’s opinion. Choices A and B are not correct because they are not directly expressed and cannot be concluded from information in the passage. Choice D is not correct because the breaking up of ice shelves and the melting of ice causes the sea levels to rise, not the new glaciers that are created when the ice shelves disintegrate.

11. D … small island states … among the impacts there [in the states].” Choices A, B, and C refer

to consequences, not to the location.

12. B Alphabetical order is a transitional device that connects the sentences. Larsen A, B, and C are

mentioned in order. The insert sentence is an introductory statement.

13. C, B, E summarize the passage. Choice A is an example that supports major point C. Choice D is a detail that supports major point B. Choice F is an example that supports major point C.

Reading 2 “Organic Architecture”

14. C “One of the most striking personalities in the development of early-twentieth-century architecture was Frank Lloyd Wright____Wright set out to create ‘architecture of democracy.’” Choices

A, B, and D are major points that support the main idea, the work of Frank Lloyd Wright.

15. C According to a quote by Wright, “This ideal [organic unity]… I called … continuity.” Choice A is not correct because it refers to classical architecture, not to organic architecture. Choice B is not correct because, although he considered organic architecture his ideal, he referred to it as “continuity.” Choice D is not correct because Wright rejected classic architecture.

16. A “Wright manifested his vigorous originality early, and by 1900 he had arrived at a style entirely his own [style].” The phrase “his own” does not refer to Choices B, C, or D.

17. C In this passage, created is a synonym for “conceived.” Context comes from the word “designed” in the previous sentence.

18. D In this passage, Discontinuing is a synonym for “Abandoning.” Context comes from the contrast of “symmetry” with the “spaces… grouped freely.”

19. B “Wright fully expressed these elements and concepts in Robie House.” Choice A is true but it is only orie of the original ideas expressed. Choice C is not correct because, although it is often true of Wright1 s designs, the accessories for Robie House were not mentioned in the passage. Choice D is not correct because the house was built between 1907 and 1909, but Wright did not live there during the construction.

20. A In this passage, the phrase most important describes “prime.” The word “prime” is often used with “example.”

21. C Because “the city lot constrained the building-to-site relationship” at “Robie House,” the

description of “Fallingwater” implies that it was better suited to the site. Choice A is not correct because “Fallingwater” was built after “Robie House.” Choice B is not correct because “Falling-water” extended the “Robie House” design in all four directions. Choice D is not correct because “Robie House” had many large and open spaces in the “wandering” floor plan.

22. B “.. . he acted on a cherished dream to provide good architectural design for less prosperous

people by adapting the ideas of his prairie house to plans for smaller, less expensive dwellings.” Choice A is not correct because the smaller, prairie houses were not designed specifically for Europe. Choice C is not correct because many younger architects adopted his designs, but he did not build prairie houses to help architects. The revolution in architecture mentioned in Choice D occurred, but it was not Wright’s purpose in building the smaller versions of his prairie designs.

23. A “The publication of Wright1 s plans brought him a measure of fame in Europe… and an exhibition of his designs [in Berlin]. . . stimulated younger architects to adopt some of his ideas.” Choice B is not correct because lectures are not mentioned in the passage. Choices C and D are correct, but they are not the reasons that Wright’s work became well known in Europe.

24. C The entrance in a prairie house was “all but concealed.” Choice A is mentioned in paragraph 3, sentence 5. Choice B is mentioned in paragraph 3, sentence 7. Choice D is mentioned in paragraph 3, sentence 7.

25. B A general statement followed by examples is’a transitional device that connects the insert sentence with the following sentences. The insert sentence introduces the examples of the relationship between interior and exterior spaces.

26. C, F, D summarize the passage. Choices A, B, and E are details of Wrighfs professional life that are not main points in the passage.

Reading 3 “New Women of the Ice Age”

27. B “Amassing critical and previously overlooked evidence . . . Softer [proposes] a technique of hunting previously invisible in the archaeological evidence.” Choice A is not correct because her theories “make her conservative colleagues cringe.” Choice C is not correct because conservative researchers concentrated on studies of tools and bones and used them to support their theories. Choice D is not correct because she uses not only modem cultural evidence but also archeological evidence, including small game bones and tools that could have been used to make nets.

28. B “Amassing … evidence from Dolni Vestonice and the neighboring site of Pavlov, researchers… propose that human survival there had little to do with men hurling spears at big game animals. Instead … it [survival] depended largely on women, plants, and a technique of hunting previously invisible in the archeological evidence.” The pronoun “it” does not refer to Choices A, C, or D.

29. C In this passage, suggestions is a synonym for “implications.” Context comes from the clause “they raise serious questions” in the same sentence-

30. B Because her views “make her conservative colleagues cringe,” it must be concluded that her views are not as conservative. Choice A is not correct because she disagrees about the role of women as hunters, not as caretakers. Choice C is not correct because she is identified as an authority on the Ice Age and as an archeologist, not as a biologist. Choice D is not correct because she is a leading authority on hunting and gathering in the Ice Age.

31. A In this passage, limit is a synonym for “constrain.” Context comes from the logical supposition in the same sentence.

32. D … historically paraphrases “In many historical societies” and not perilous paraphrases “nor… in physical peril.” …did not require great strength paraphrases “did not call for brute strength,” and women have been important participants paraphrases “women played a key part.”

33. D “‘Everybody and their mother could participate [in net hunting].’” Choice A is not correct because the Australian hunters were not fishermen, and there is no evidence that they developed it. Choice B is not correct because net hunting did not place young mothers in physical peril. Choice C is not correct because net hunting was used to capture game, not to protect the camp.

34. A The author mentions Native American and Aborigine groups to give examples of modem groups in which women participate in net hunting. Choice B is not correct because the author presents facts, not opinions. Choice C is not correct because the techniques do not place women in peril but they do not protect them, either. Choice D is not correct because the example of the people in the Congo reinforces the information about the Native American and Aborigine groups.

35. C “. . . Mbuti in the forests of the Congo report that they capture game every time they lay out their woven traps, scooping up 50 percent of the animals encountered.” Choice A is not correct because nets are valued more than bows and arrows. Choice B is not correct because they trade the surplus meat with neighbors. Choice D is not correct because vegetables are not mentioned.

36. B “… some of their inhabitants whittled bone tools that look much like the awls and net spacers…” Choice A is true but it is not mentioned as evidence. Choice C is not correct because Softer believes that net hunting was more widespread than these two sites. Choice D is not correct because the camps stretched from Germany to Russia, but the researchers from those areas were not mentioned.

37. D In this passage, functions is a synonym for “roles.” Context comes from the reference to “activities” in the same sentence.

38. C A conclusion based on evidence is a transitional device that connects the conclusion in the insert sentence to the evidence in the previous sentences. Choices A and B are not correct because the conclusion in the insert sentence would appear before the evidence. Choice D is not correct because the insert sentence would interrupt the relationship between the first and second sentences in the last paragraph.

39. B, D, F summarize the passage. Choice A is a minor point that is not developed. Choice C is a detail that is mentioned to support major point D. Choice E is true, but it is not mentioned in the passage.

Reading 1 “Layers of Social Class”

1. B

“The different groups are arrayed along a continuum with those [classes] with the most money, education, and prestige at the top.” The pronoun “those” does not refer to choices A, C, or D.

2. A

In this passage, very large describes “enormous.” “… a very small proportion of people” contrasts with very large control. “… vast amounts of wealth” also provides context.

3. A

Although it is not generally accepted paraphrases “Despite social myths to the contrary.”. .. your family provides the best prediction of your future wealth paraphrases”… the best predictor of future wealth is the family into which you are bom.”

4. B

The author uses the example of the Forbes 400 to support the statement that most wealthy people inherit their money. “… most [wealth] is inherited.”

5. B

In this passage, expensive is a synonym for “exclusive.” Context comes from the previous reference to “high-priced.”

6. B

“The upper middle class . . . tend to be well-educated professionals or business executives.”

Choice A is not correct because the lower middle class is composed of workers in skilled trades. Choice C is not correct because the term nouveau riche refers to the upper class that has recently acquired money. Choice D is not correct because the upper class is typically a group that has inherited wealth.

7. B

“.. . an open-class system leads many to think that the majority have a middle-class lifestyle….” Choice A is not correct because they vary widely in lifestyle and in resources. Choice C is not correct because, although the status may be unclear, people do not have a problem defining themselves as middle class. Choice D is not correct because “norm” refers to average, not normal.

8. A

In this passage, mostly is a synonym for “primarily.” Context comes from the root prime, which means “first.”

9. C

“Also known as the working class, this class indues blue collar workers … and many service workers____” Choice A is not correct because they are working in blue collar and service jobs.

Choice B is not correct because service workers and manual laborers are part of the lower middle class, not the lower class that work in minimum-wage jobs. Choice D is not correct because the working class is in the lower middle class, not the lower class.

10. C

“The underclass includes those who are likely to be permanently unemployed … the under class may become dependent on public assistance or illegal activities.” Choices A and D may be true, but they are not mentioned in the passage. Choice B is not correct because the illegal activities cause the increase in crime, not the opposite.

11. D

Choices A, B, and C are mentioned for the first time in paragraph 1, sentence 1.

12.

A Generalization and example is a transitional device that connects the insert sentence with the following sentence. “The working poor constitute a large portion of those who are poor” provides a general statement which is followed by examples, “People of color and women … the working poor. . . .” Choices B, C, and D are not correct because they are not examples of the generalization.

13. C, E, B summarize the passage.

Choice A is a minor point that supports the major point in Choice C. Choice D is a minor point that supports the major point in Choice E. Choice F is true, but it is not developed as a major point.

Reading 2 “Weather and Chaotic Systems”

14. A “Many chaotic systems [like weather] have a kind of underlying order that explains the general features of their behavior____” Choice B is not correct because it was an incorrect assumption.

Choice C is not correct because it was also an incorrect assumption. Choice D is not correct because today we have a very good understanding of the physical laws of atoms.

15. B In this passage, specific is a synonym for “particular.”

16. B In this passage, control is a synonym for “govern.”

17. A The author uses the example of the car to explain how conditions are used to make predictions. The prediction of the location of the car is compared with the prediction of the weather.

18. D “For tomorrow’s weather, this slightly different initial condition will not change the weather prediction … But for next month’s weather, the two predictions may not agree at all!” Choice A is not correct because the change in the initial conditions was minor. Choice B is not correct because it is not mentioned in the passage. Choice C is not correct because computer models are used to deal with all the data for weather prediction on time scales shorter than a few weeks.

19. C . chaotic systems are described by nonlinear equations.” Choice A is not correct because chaotic systems [like weather] “are not completely random.” Choice B is true, but it is not the reason why weather is considered a chaotic system. Choice D is not correct because many chaotic systems are “ ‘predictably unpredictable.’ ”

20. A “This extreme sensitivity to initial conditions is sometimes called the butterfly effect” Choice B is not correct because the flap of a butterfly’s wings is used to describe the sensitivity, not to predict conditions. Choice C is not correct because the rate of the wings is not mentioned. Choice D is not correct because the cause and result do not refer to different locations. They refer to changes over time.

21. D “Simple systems are described by linear equations in which, [in the linear equations] for example, increasing a cause produces a proportional increase in an effect.” The phrase “in which” does not refer to Choices A, B, or C.

22. B The author mentions the economy to provide an example of another chaotic system. “For example, the economy is nonlinear because a rise in interest rates does not automatically produce a corresponding change in consumer spending.”

23. C In this passage, characteristics is a synonym for “features.” Context comes from the contrast with “details” later in the sentence.

24. D “Our understanding of chaotic systems is increasing at a tremendous rate, but much remains to be learned about them.” Choice A is not correct because “many chaotic systems have a kind of underlying order.” Choice B is not correct because “Our understanding of chaotic systems is increasing at a tremendous rate.” Choice C is not correct because “details .. . remain unpredictable.”

25. B Chronological order is a transitional device that connects the insert sentence in sequence within the text. “… tomorrow” should precede “next week” and “next month” should follow “next week.”

26. D, F, C summarize the passage. Choice A may be true, but it is not directly stated in the passage.

Choice B is a minor point because it is an example. Choice E is a minor point because it is an example.

Reading Passage 3 + 4

Solution & Explanation for TOEFL iBT Reading Practice Test 16 ( From Barron’s TOEFL’S iBT)

Reading 1 “Symbiotic Relationships”

1. C In this passage, obtains is a synonym for “derives.” Context comes from the close association

with the word “benefit.”

2. C “Parasitism is a relationship in which one organism, known as the parasite, lives in or on

another organism, known as the host, from which it [the parasite] derives nourishment.” The pronoun “it” does not refer to Choices A, B, or D.

3. A In this passage, comparatively is a synonym for “relatively.” Context comes from the phrase

“not killed immediately” in the same sentence.

4. C … when the parasite first invades paraphrases “Newly established” and the most destructive

phase paraphrases “more destructive.”

5. A In this passage, permit is a synonym for “tolerate.” Context comes from the phrase “reducing

the harm” in the same sentence.

6. D “Parasites that live on the surface of their hosts are known as ectoparasites.” . . . surface

means “outside.” Choice A is not correct because “mold and mildew” are ectoparasites, not ways that ectoparasites survive. Choices B and C refer to endoparasites, not to ectoparasites.

7. A “Many examples of commensal relationships exist. Orchids use trees as a surface upon which

to grow.” Choices B and D are mentioned as examples of parasites. Choice C is not correct because ants are mentioned with the Acacia as an example of mutualism, not a commensal relationship.

8. C In this passage, really is a synonym for “actually.”

9. B The author uses the example of the Acacia to explain how two species can benefit from contact. “Some species of Acacia, a thorny tree, provide food in the form of sugar. . . Certain species of ants . . . receive food and a place to live, and the [Acacia] tree is protected from animals… ” Both organisms benefit.

10. C “The bacteria do not cause disease but provide the plants with nitrogen-containing molecules.”

Choice A is not correct because the bacteria do not cause disease. Choice B is not correct because the bacteria is used for growth. Choice D is not correct because the nodules supply nitrogen, which is beneficial.

11. A Pronoun reference is a transitional device that connects the insert sentence with the previous

sentence. “Fleas, lice and some molds and mildews are examples of ectoparasites. They [fleas, lice and some molds] live on the feathers of birds or the fur of animals.” Choices B, C, and D are not correct because the pronoun does not refer to endoparasites, which live inside the host and are explained later in the passage.

12. A Because the text explains the types of relationships between species, it must be concluded

that the passage would be found in a chapter about the environment and organisms. Choices B, C, and D are not correct because they are not as closely associated with the main idea.

13. A, D, E summarize the passage. Choice B is true, but it is an example of a commensal relationship

described in major point D. Choice C refers to a mutualistic relationship developed in major point E. Choice F is mentioned as a minor point in the discussion of parasitic relationships described in major point A.

Reading 2 “Civilization”

14. B “… Neolithic settlements were hardly more than villages. But as their inhabitants mastered the art of farming, more complex human societies [civilizations] emerged.” Choice A is not correct because the Neolithic settlements preceded civilizations. Choice C is not correct because agriculture is mentioned as a cause of the rise in complex cultures, not as a definition of civilization. Choice D is not correct because the population centers increased in size as civilizations grew, but other basic characteristics had to be present as well.

15. B “Although copper was the first metal to be utilized in producing tools, after 4000 b.c., craftspeople in western Asia discovered that a combination of copper and tin produced bronze, a much harder and more durable metal than copper. Its [bronze’s] widespread use has led historians to call the period the Bronze Age;.. ” The pronoun “its” does not refer to Choices A, C, or D.

16. B “As wealth increased, such societies began to develop armies and to build walled cities.”

Choices A, C, and D may be logical, but they are not mentioned and may not be concluded from information in the passage.

17. C In this passage, hardly is a synonym for “barely.”

18. D Because the author states that from Neolithic towns “more complex human societies emerged,” it may be concluded that they are mentioned to contrast them with the civilizations that evolved. Choice A is not correct because a Neolithic town does not qualify as a civilization. Choice B is not correct because writing systems were not part of Neolithic settlements. Choice C is not correct because Neolithic settlements were referred to as villages, and no argument was made for the classification.

19. B “… a new social structure … [included] kings and an upper class … free people … and a

class of slaves.” Choice A is not correct because it does not include free people. Choice C is not correct because it does not include free people. Choice D is not mentioned and may not be concluded from information in the passage. The new structure described is based on economics, not on education.

20. A … the majority paraphrases “most of which.”

21. A In this passage, fundamental is a synonym for “crucial.”

22. B In this passage, important is a synonym for “prominent.” Context comes from the word “monumental” in the same sentence.

23. B “A number of possible explanations of the beginning of civilization have been suggested.”

Choice A is not correct because scholars do not agree on one explanation. Choice C is not correct because trade routes are not mentioned in paragraph 4. Choice D is not correct because coincidence is not mentioned as one of the possible explanations.

24. C Choice A is mentioned in paragraph 4, sentence 9. Choice B is mentioned in paragraph 4, sen

tence 8. Choice D is mentioned in paragraph 4, sentence 6.

25. B A rhetorical question is a question that is asked and answered by the same speaker. Response

is a transitional device that connects the insert sentence with the previous rhetorical question. Choices A, C, and D are not correct because the pronoun “they” in the insert sentence does not refer to plural nouns in the previous sentence.

26. B, E, F summarize the passage. Choice A is true, but it is a minor point that is mentioned as an

example of the characteristics of a class structure. Choice C may be one of the architectural structures built, but it is not specified. Choice D is true of Mesopotamia and Egypt, but is not developed as a major point.

Reading 3 “Life in Our Solar System”

27. D In this passage, naturally is a synonym for “automatically.” Context comes from the prefix auto,

which means “self and the root matic, which is found in many words that refer to “machines.”

28. C “The moon is airless, and although some data suggest ice frozen in the soil at its poles, it [the moon] has never had liquid water on its surface.” The pronoun “it” does not refer to Choices A, B, or D.

29. A “Venus has some traces of water vapor in its atmosphere, but it is much too hot for liquid water to survive.” Choice B is not correct because the water transformed to vapor, not ice. Ice refers to our moon, not to Venus. Choice C is not correct because the lakes or oceans evaporated auicklv. Choice D is not correct because the airless atmosphere refers to Mercury, not to Venus.

30. C In this passage, constant is a synonym for “stable.” Context comes from the contrast with “evolve” later in the sentence.

31. B Because Jupiter’s moon is used as an example of satellites of Jovian planets, it must be concluded that Jupiter is a Jovian planet. Choice A is not correct because the satellites, not the planets, have conditions that support life. Choice C is not correct because the size of Europa is not mentioned. Choice D is not correct because the author draws no conclusion about the change of orbits. If orbits were modified, then a conclusion could be drawn about whether Europa was frozen.

32. C “.. . life there may be unlikely because of the temperature. The surface of Titan is a deadly -179°C.” Choice A is not correct because there are oceans of liquid methane and ethane. Choice B is true, but it is not the reason why life would be improbable. Choice D is not correct because it is the temperature, not the atmosphere, that is low.

33. B . ..the evidence did not demonstrate paraphrases “the results did not confirm.”

34. C In this passage, begun is a synonym for “originated.” Context comes from the root origin, which means “beginning.”

35. C “ALH84001 is important because a team of scientists studied it and announced in 1996 that it contained chemical and physical traces of ancient life on Mars.” Choice A is not correct because the meteorite was found closer to twenty years ago. Choice B is not correct because the impact on Mars was not recent. Choice D is true, but it is not the reason why the author mentions the meteorite.

36. B “… conclusive evidence [of life] may have to wait until a geologist in a space suit can … open rocks … searching for fossils.” Choice A is not correct because a geologist will travel in the spacecraft. Choice C is not correct because pictures are not mentioned as a way to confirm the existence of life on Mars. Choice D is not correct because the present conditions could be studied in a variety of ways, but conclusive evidence depends on a manned flight that will allow a geologist to study the physical evidence.

37. C “We are left to conclude that, so far as we know, our solar.system is bare of life except for Earth.” Choice A is not correct because the author states that our solar system is bare of life. Choice B is not correct because the evidence is not encouraging. Choice D is not correct because the search takes us to other planetary systems.

38. C Reference is a transitional device that connects the insert sentence with the previous sentence. Such periods refers to “some points in history.” Choices A, B, and D are not correct because such periods does not refer to phrases in the sentences that precede the insert options.

39. F, D, B summarize the passage. Choice A is a minor point that supports the major point in Choice B. Choice C is a minor point that supports the major point in Choice D. Choice E is not true because the author entertains the possibility of life based on something other than carbor chemistry.

Solution & Explanation for TOEFL iBT Reading Practice Test 15 ( From Barron’s TOEFL’S iBT)

Reading 1 “Resources and Industrialism in Canada”

1. B “The building of the Temiskaming and Northern Ontario Railway led to the discovery of rich silver deposits.” Choices A, C, and D are true, but they do not relate to the main point in paragraph 1, the resources in the western frontier.

2. C . Sudbury became the world’s largest nickel producer.” Choice A is not correct because it is not mentioned directly in the paragraph. Choice B is not correct because Sudbury was a supplier, not a market for metals. Choice D is not correct because Sudbury is in Ontario, not in the Klondike.

3. D In this passage, lasting is a synonym for “enduring.”

4. B “… the federal government created the Yukon Territory… in an effort to ward off the prospect of annexation to Alaska.” Choice A is not correct because fortune-seekers were flocking there already. Choice C is not correct because the tales of lawlessness were told in popular fiction, but no effort to establish law and order was mentioned. Choice D is not correct because the legality of the mining claims was not mentioned.

5. D In this passage, formerly is a synonym for “previously.” Context comes from the reference to “unsettled” for an area that was increasing in population.

6. A “.. . the tales [of the Klondike strike] . . . were immortalized through … the poetic verses of Robert W. Service.” Choices B and C may have been true, but they were not mentioned in connection with the poetry of Robert Service. Choice D is not correct because the creation of the Yukon Territory, not the poetry, prevented the Klondike’s annexation to Alaska.

7. B Choice A is mentioned in paragraph 3, sentence 2. Choice C is mentioned in paragraph 3, sentence 5. Choice D is mentioned in paragraph 3, sentence 4.

8. D In this passage. Moreover is a synonym for “Furthermore.” Context comes from the addition of another way that the forest and water resources were exploited.

9. C Federal taxes paraphrases “the high tariff policies” and cheaper imported goods paraphrases “lower-priced foreign manufactured goods.” . . . protecting domestic industries paraphrases “protecting existing industries” and supporting new businesses paraphrases “encouraging the creation of new enterprises.”

10. C “To climb the tariff wall, large American industrial firms opened branches in Canada, and the governments of Ontario and Quebec aggressively urged them [American industrial firms] on by offering bonuses, subsidies, and guarantees to locate new plants.” The pronoun “them” does not refer to Choices A, B, or D.

11. A “… the governments of Ontario and Quebec… [offered] bonuses, subsidies, and guarantees to locate new plants within their borders.” Choice B is true, but it is not the reason why British and American businesses opened affiliates. Choice C is not correct because the consumers in western Canada were eager to buy goods from eastern and central Canada, not from abroad. Choice D is not correct because British investors contributed to the construction of urban infrastructure.

12. C Vocabulary reference is a transitional device that connects the insert sentence with the previous sentence. The connection is “Railway construction” and “discoveries of gold, silver, copper, lead, and zinc” to “The building of the … Railway” and “rich silver deposits.”

13. C, E, F summarize the passage. Choices A and B are minor points that support major point C.

Choice D is a minor point that supports major point E.

Reading 2 “Looking at Theatre History”

14. C . the buildings in later periods became sources of stone for other projects and what remains is usually broken and scattered.” Choice A is not correct because other theatres have been identified and many of them have been excavated. Choice B is not correct because the archeologists were not the ones who broke the stones. Choice D is not correct because concrete was not mentioned as construction material during early periods. The word “concrete” in the passage means “true” or “verifiable” in reference to “evidence.”

15. B “… many pieces are irrevocably lost.” Choice A is not correct because drawings are conjectural. Choice C is not correct because the number of skenes that archeologists have excavated is not specified. Choice D is not correct because excavations did not begin until the late 1800s, not the early 1800s.

16. B In this passage, important is a synonym for “primary.” Context comes from the phrase, “most concrete evidence.”

17. D In this passage, exact is a synonym for “precise.” Context comes from the contrast with the word “conjectural” in the same sentence.

18. A . the myths on which dramatists drew were known to everyone, including vase painters, who might well depict the same subjects as dramatists.” Choice B is not correct because reproductions were not mentioned. Choice C is not correct because the qualifications of scholars were not discussed. Choice D is not correct because thousands of vases have survived.

19. B In this passage, debated is a synonym for “controversial.” Context comes from the phrases “easy to misinterpret” and “questionable assumption” in later sentences.

20. D Because the author refers to the archeological evidence in vase paintings as “controversial,” it must be concluded that there is disagreement among scholars. Choice A is not correct because the oldest surviving manuscripts date from 1500 years after they were first performed. Choice B is not correct because they are easy to misinterpret. Choice C is not correct because the author does not mention the condition of the vases.

21. B “… each time a text was copied, there were new possibilities for errors.” Choice A is not correct because the problem of sources was identified for archeological findings, not written evidence. Choices C and D are not mentioned as problems for written evidence.

22. D “… these characters [women] often seem victims of their own powerlessness.” Choice A is not correct because many plays featured strong female characters. Choice B is not correct because some critics have seen these plays [with women as victims] as rationalizations by the male-dominated culture and other critics have seen them as an attempt to examine this aspect of the culture. Choice C is not correct because plays featured numerous choruses of women.

23. B “… the majority of written references to Greek theatre date from several hundred years after the events they report. The writers seldom mention their sources of evidence, and thus we do not know what credence to give them [the sources].” The pronoun “them” does not refer to Choices A, C, or D.

24. A “… historical treatment of Greek theatre is something like assembling a jigsaw puzzle of which many pieces are missing.” The reference to “missing pieces” is an analogy to the partial evidence for Greek theatre. Choice B is not correct because no comparison is made between written references and the paintings in paragraph 4. Choice C is not correct because the author does not use words and phrases that suggest justification. Choice D is not correct because the last sentence is a summary of the reading passage, not an opening sentence for a new topic.

25. C Vocabulary reference and contrast are two transitional devices that connect the previous and following sentences to the insert sentence. The connection is “theatres … have been excavated” in the previous sentence and These excavations” in the insert sentence as well as the contrast with “Nevertheless, they” [the theatres or excavations of theatres] in the following sentence.

26. B, D, C summarize the passage. Choice A is a minor point that supports major point D. Choice E is a minor point that supports major point C. Choice F is reasonable, but it is not mentioned in the passage.

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SOLUTION & EXPLANATION FOR TOEFL IBT READING PRACTICE TEST 14 ( FROM BARRON’S TOEFL IBT)

Reading 1 “Beowulf”

1. C “…Beowulfwas written by an anonymous [author unknown] Englishman in Old English.”

Choice A is not correct because it is one of four surviving manuscripts. Choice B is not correct because it was written in old English about Germanic characters. Choice D is not correct because scholars do not know if it is the sole surviving epic from about a.d. 1000.

2. B “Although Beowulf was written by an anonymous Englishman in Old English, the tale takes place in that part of Scandinavia from which [that part of Scandinavia] Germanic tribes emigrated to England.”

3. A “Iron was accessible everywhere in Scandinavia, usually in the form of ‘bog iron’ found in the layers of peat in peat bogs.” Choice B is not correct because the author had already stated that the best swords had iron or iron-edged blades. Choice C is not correct because the Celts taught the Northmen how to use the materials, but they did not provide the bog iron. Choice D is not correct because the bog iron does not relate to the date, although 500 b.c. is mentioned as the time when the Northmen learned how to forge iron.

4. A Society in Anglo-Saxon England paraphrases “Anglo-Saxon society.” … both advanced para phrases “neither primitive,” and cultured paraphrases “nor uncultured.” Two negatives [nor and -un] produce an affirmative meaning.

5. B In this passage, rare is a synonym for “unique.” Context comes from the reference to the “sole surviving epic” in the beginning of the same sentence.

6. B “… the original manuscript was probably lost during the ninth century…. in which the Danes destroyed the Anglo-Saxon monasteries and their great libraries.” Choice A is true but it is not the reason that scholars believe the original manuscript was lost. Choice C is not correct because the Danes were invaders, not poets. Choice D is not correct because the location of the discovery is not mentioned, although the author may have been a monk.

7. D “Although the Beowulf manuscript was written in about a.d. 1000, it was not discovered until the seventeenth century.” Choice A is not correct because the first century was the date the manuscript was written, not discovered. Choice B is not correct because the ninth century was the date when the original manuscript may have been lost. Choice C is not correct because some scholars think that the manuscript was written in the eleventh century.

8. A Because the word “apparently” means “appearing to be so,” the author is expressing doubt about the information that follows, “… [the Beowulf poet] was a Christian.” Choice B is not correct because the word “obviously” would be used. Choice C is not correct because the phrases “for example” or “for instance” would signal an example. Choice D is not correct because evidence would not be presented as “appearing to be so.”

9. A “.. . Beowulf is a very appealing hero … Like Hercules.” Choice B is not correct because a fight with a dragon is mentioned in reference to Beowulf but not to Hercules. Choice C is not correct because the Danish hero’s welcome is the only reference to a speech, and it was jealous, not inspiring. Choice D is not correct because the time period for the life of Hercules is not mentioned.

10. B In this passage, demonstrates is a synonym for “exhibits.”

11. C In this passage, refuse is a synonym for “reject.” Context comes from the contrast with “accept” in the previous sentence.

12. C Addition is a transitional device that connects the insert sentence with the previous sentence.

Moreover signals that additional, related information will follow. “. . . they [scholars] disagree” refers to “Scholars do not know” in the previous sentence.

13. E, D, F summarize the passage. Choice A is true, but it is a minor point that establishes the time period for the poem and refers to major point D. Choice B is true, but it is a detail that refers to major point E and explains why there may be only one manuscript. Choice C is not clear from the information in the passage.

Reading 2 “Thermoregulation”

14. A “The most basic mechanism [for maintenance of warm body temperature] is the high meta bolic rate.” Choices B, C, and D are all ways to maintain body temperature, but they are not the most fundamental adaptation.

15. D “In some mammals, certain hormones can cause mitochondria to increase their metabolic activity and produce heat instead of ATP. This non shivering thermogenesis (NST). . . .” Choice A is not correct because thermogenesis is the activity that generates heat, not the heat loss. Choice B is not correct because brown fat is one example of a more generalized process. Choice C is not correct because thermogenesis is a response to the environment to maintain the health of the animal, not a process that maintains the environment.

16. B A passive grammatical structure in the passage is paraphrased by an active grammatical structure in the answer choice.

17. D In this passage, smallest is a synonym for “minimal.”

18. B “For example, heat loss from a human is reduced when arms and legs cool.” Choice A is not correct because goose bumps, not heat loss in the extremities, is a vestige of our evolution. Choice C is not correct because no direct comparisons of -these processes are made in the paragraph. Choice D is not correct because the types of insulation are mentioned before the concept of vasodilatation and vasoconstriction are introduced.

19. D In this passage, control is a synonym for “regulate.” Context comes from the reference to “tem perature differences” at the end of the same sentence.

20. B “The loss of heat to water occurs 50 to 100 times more rapidly than heat loss to air.” Choice A is not correct because hair loses insulating power when wet, but the evolution of marine animals is not mentioned. Choice C is not correct because dry hair insulates better than wet hair. Choice D is not correct because there are land animals that are of similar size.

21. D “… marine mammals maintain body core temperatures of about 36-38°C with metabolic rates about the same as those [metabolic rates] of land mammals of similar size.”

22. A “. . . capable of astonishing feats of thermoregulation. For example, small birds called chickadees … hold body temperature nearly constant.” Choice B te not correct because the food supply supports thermoregulation, which is the main point of the example. Choice C is not correct because chickadees are capable of astonishing feats of thermoregulation. Choice D is not correct because the reason for heat production in animals is explained before the example of the chickadee.

23. D Choice A is mentioned in paragraph 6, sentence 7. Choice B is mentioned in paragraph 6, sentence 8. Choice C is mentioned in paragraph 6, sentences 3 and 4.

24. B In this passage, improve is a synonym for “enhance.” Context comes from the reference to “promote” in the previous sentence.

25. A Reference is a transitional device that connects the insert sentence with the previous sentence. “… a layer of fur or feathers” and “how much still air the layer [of fur or feathers] traps” in the insert sentence refers to “… fur or feathers” and “a thicker layer of air” in the previous sentence.

26. E, C, F summarize the passage. Choice A is a minor point that supports major point C. Choice B is true but it is not mentioned in the passage. Choice D is a minor point that supports major point F.

Reading 3 “Social Readjustment Scales”

27. D “Overall, these studies have shown that people with higher scores on the SRRS tend to be more vulnerable to many kinds of physical illness ” Choice A is not correct because a person with a higher score will experience more, not less, stress. Choice B is not correct because the numerical values for major problems are not identified, and a score of 30 does not have meaning unless it is compared with a higher or lower score. Choice C is not correct because the effects of positive or negative change are not mentioned in the first two paragraphs.

28. C “… the desirability qf events affects adaptational outcomes more than the amount of change that they [events] require.”

29. D In this passage, different is a synonym for “diverse.”

30. C “. .. divorce may deserve a stress value of 73 for most people, a particular person’s divorce might generate much less stress and merit a value of only 25.” Choice A is not correct because a particular person is compared with most people. Choice B is not correct because the serious nature of divorce is not mentioned. Choice D is not correct because the numerical value of 73 for most people is questioned.

31. A “… what qualifies as trouble with the boss’? Should you check that because you’re sick and tired of your supervisor? What constitutes a ‘change in living conditions’? Does your purchase of a great new sound system qualify?” Choice B is not correct because the author does not offer examples of responses to the questions posed. Choice C is not correct because options for scores are not provided in paragraph 5. Choice D is not correct because the author suggests that people do not respond consistently but whether they respond carefully is not mentioned.

32. B . subjects’ neuroticism affects both their responses to stress scales and their self-reports of health problems.” Choice A is not correct because they recall more symptoms, but they are not ill more often. Choice C is not correct because they recall more stress, but they do not necessarily suffer more actual stress. Choice D is not correct because the effects of neuroticism obscures the meaning of the scores that are recorded.

33. C In this passage, arranged is a synonym for “assembled.”

34. C In this passage, related is a synonym for “relevant.”

35. B “… dropping the normative weights and replacing them with personally assigned weightings.”

Choice A is not correct because long-term consequences are not included in positive, negative, and total change scores. Choice C is not correct because the differences in people reflect their appraisal of stress, not how they handle stress. Choice D is not correct because normative weighting is replaced by personally assigned weightings.

36. C In paragraph 1, the authors state that the SRRS “… assigns numerical values.” Choices A and B are not correct because they are mentioned in paragraph 10 in reference to the LES, not the SRRS. Choice D is not correct because recalling events from one year ago is a problem on the SRRS.

37. A “The LES deals with the failure of the SRRS to sample the full domain of stressful events.”

Choice B is not correct because the author explains several ways that the LES deals with the failure of the SRRS. Choice C is not correct because it has been used in thousands of studies by researchers all over the world. Choice D is not correct because the LES, not the SRRS, has a special section for students.

38. B Reference is a transitional device that connects the insert sentence with the previous sentence. “This sum” in the insert sentence refers to the phrase “adds up the numbers” in the previous sentence.

39. SRRS: A, H, I LES: B, D, E, G Not used: C, F