Practice Test 15: Similar meanings (Nouns)

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Practice Test 15: Similar meanings (Nouns)

Exercise 1:Look at sentences 1 – 20. These can either be completed with a word from box A or a word with a similar meaning from box B. Identify both the words that could be used. In some cases, you will need to add an -s to one or both of the words when you put them into the sentence

A B
acclaim    accommodations    agenda     appeal    appointment     assistance     benefit     discipline     discount     drop     fallacy    fault     means    opposition     poll     proof     proximity    requirement     victory       work  advantage      closeness        decline           defect employment     evidence     help     housing meeting     method     misconception      order       petition     praise     prerequisite     resistance reduction     schedule     survey     triumph

1. We have a very busy ___________ / ___________ today, so I suggest we start as soon as possible.
2. The college provides cheap ___________ / ___________ for its staff and students.
3. With regard to attendance and punctuality, we need to maintain ___________ / ___________ at all times.
4. Thank you for your kind ___________ / ___________: I couldn’t have done it without you.
5. There has been a sharp ___________ / ___________ in the number of people attending afternoon classes.
6. The early computer program had several ___________ / ___________ which need to be sorted out before it could be used.
7. There has been a lot of ___________ / ___________ to the new schedule: nobody likes the earlier starts and later finishes to the day.
8. There is no ___________ / ___________ to show that standards of living have improved.
9. Students holding a valid student card are eligible for a 10% ___________ / ___________ on book prices.
10. The bar is popular with our students because of its ___________ / ___________ to the college.
11. I can’t see you this afternoon because I have a / an ___________ / ___________ with my tutor.
12. The Turkish writer Orhan Pamuk received international ___________ / ___________ for his novel “Snow”.
13. At the height of its success, the studio provided ___________ / ___________ for over 3,000 people.
14. There are several ___________ / ___________ to working from home: you save on travel costs, for one thing.
15. If you want to do a Degree in Middle East Studies, a basic knowledge of Arabic is one of the main ___________ / ___________
16. The cheapest ___________ / ___________ of traveling around the U.S.A. is by Greyhound bus.
17. The ___________ / ___________ taken before the election did not reflect the final result.
18. His ruling in the case was a ___________ / ___________ for common sense and freedom of speech.
19. Many people believe that exercising makes you more hungry: this is in fact a ___________ / ___________.
20. The ___________ / ___________ was rejected by the arbitrating committee, despite the fact it had been signed by over 5,000 people.
Exercise 2: Instructions as above.

A B
admission        alteration      characteristic     choice code      component       cooperation        discussion liability         magnitude          overview       priority problem       protest        question       result         strategy      valid        winner        zenith access change collaboration     complication consequence     deliberation     demonstration (short) description     element     feature good     importance     option     peak     plan precedence     query     responsibility rule     victor

1. The ___________ / ___________ against the war spread to most parts of the city by midnight, with at least 50 arrests taking place.
2. The college ___________ / ___________ state(s) that students must attend at least 80% of their classes.
3. The college accepts no ___________ / ___________ for any damage to vehicles in the car park.
4. There are two ___________ / ___________ available to you: work hard on improving your mid-term grades, or consider changing your course.
5. Our latest prospectus provides a / an ___________ / ___________ of our courses and a brief history of the university.
6. Nobody understood the ___________ / ___________ of the results: it was assumed that everything would stay the same, whereas there were in fact profound changes
7. Thanks to their ___________ / ___________ with several affiliated companies, they managed to create a virtual monopoly for their product.
8. I hope you have a ___________ / ___________ reason for missing so many of your classes.
9. The empire reached its ___________ / ___________ at the end of the nineteenth century.
10. If you have any ___________ / ___________ please ask a member of staff.
11. A purple rash and a persistent cough is one of the ___________ / ___________ of this disease.
12. We had hoped that everything would run smoothly, but unfortunately there have been several ___________ / ___________.
13. Before you start studying for the TOEFL, you should come up with a ___________ / ___________ that will help you to make the most of your study time.
14. Safety in the workplace is very important, and should take ___________ / ___________ over everything else.
15. Is it necessary to make any ___________ / ___________ to the plan, or should we keep it as it is?
16. In the battle of the sexes there can never be a true ___________ / ___________.
17. Fieldwork is a key ___________ / ___________ of this course.
18. After much ___________ / ___________, we decided to reject her offer.
19. Climate change could have disastrous ___________ / ___________ for farmers.
20. ___________ / ___________ to the building after 6 p.m. is limited to staff and full-time students only.
Exercise 3: Instructions as above

A B
advent achievement amenity     argument backing     category     charisma     disparity display     ending     implication     invention notion     number     part     proceeds     reflection review     specialist     ultimatum accomplishment      (personal) appeal         appearance     classification      component    concentration      difference       dispute       exhibit expert    facility     final    demand    earnings      idea  innovation     sign    suggestion     support        termination write-u

1. The book received a lot of good ___________ / ___________ in the press, and went on to become one of the year’s bestsellers.
2. Before the ___________ / ___________ of the home PC in the mid-80s, not many people knew how to type.
3. Unlike his much-loved father, the young leader lacked ___________ / ___________ and failed to become popular with his people.
4. The best English dictionaries are those for English-language learners: dictionaries in this ___________ / ___________ tend to give very clear definitions with good examples.
5. The board ordered the ___________ / ___________ of all research, with the result that it was another five years before a cure for the illness was found.
6. Technological ___________ / ___________ have changed the world in the last 20 years.
7. Large ___________ / ___________ of unskilled, unemployed people in certain parts of the country have resulted in a rise in crime and street violence.
8. I’m not an economics ___________ / ___________, but even I know that a drop in unemployment often leads to a rise in inflation.
9. With ___________ / ___________ from her teachers, she was able to start an international languages club at the school.
10. Our new Economics tutor has a strange ___________ / ___________ that all students are lazy and irresponsible.
11. You will find the problem easier to solve if you try breaking it down into its separate ___________ / ___________.
12. His promotion to director was a remarkable ___________ / ___________ for someone so young.
13. Our head of department gave us a / an ___________ / ___________ get down to some serious work or get out.
14. Despite several changes to the pay structure, there is still a ___________ / ___________ in pay between graduate trainees and non-graduates.
15. All ___________ / ___________ from the sale of part of the grounds will be re-invested in the college.
16. His irrational behavior eventually led to a serious ___________ / ___________ with his sponsors.
17. College ___________ / ___________ include a gym, a swimming pool, a canteen, and a garden where students can relax.
18. The museum’s ___________ / ___________ of prehistoric tools and artifacts is surprisingly popular with children.
19. I’m not happy with your ___________ / ___________ that my work is below standard.
20. A person’s choice of clothes is a / an ___________ / ___________ of his or her personality.

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Vocabulary Practice 14: Pronouns and determiners

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Vocabulary Practice 14: Pronouns and determiners

Exercise 1: Complete these sentences with an appropriate pronoun or determiner (e.g., his, which, there, itself, etc.). You will need to use some pronouns / determiners more than once.

1. The team arrived in Cairo, and from ________________ set out across the desert in a southwesterly direction.
2. Students are allowed to hand in ________________ assignments a few days late if they ask for permission at least a week in advance.
3. The new laws made ________________ easier to get a passport and travel abroad.
4. Someone called for you, but you weren’t here, so I told ________________ you would call when you got back.
5. Many playwrights like to act in the plays they have written. Shakespeare ________________ appeared in productions of his own works.
6. Most students spend more time on their assignments than ________________ should.
7. Why did you say that I’ve missed lots of lessons this semester? Where did you get ________________ idea? I haven’t missed a single one.
8. Greek and Latin are languages from ________________ many English words have been taken or adapted.
9. Someone broke the printer, but ________________ looks like nobody is prepared to accept responsibility.
10. The company carried out research into chemical fertilizers and ________________ effect on the environment.
11. The drug works in small quantities, but ________________ efficacy is reduced if used too much and too often.
12. ________________ comes a time in everyone’s life when a big decision has to be taken.
13. Nuclear energy is far less damaging to the environment than ________________ produced from fossil fuels, but requires far higher standards of safety to be applied.
14. The authors admitted using material from other books, but we had to give ________________ credit for their ability to make an otherwise boring subject lively and interesting.
15. A skilled workforce is essential, ________________ is why regular training programs are so important.
16. The young chick relies on the adult bird for food, and it will be several weeks before it can feed ________________.
17. The vehicle employs a small solar panel, from which ________________ can get enough power to move without the need for turning the engine on.
18. We should give everyone a chance to say what ________________ think.
19. Research in the 1960’s often took a lot of time and patience, as there was no Internet in ____________ days.
20. The house stood by ____________ on a small island, cut off from the outside world by a treacherous reef.

Exercise 2: Instructions as above.

1. Her latest book is one ________________ every teenager will enjoy.
2. Help was offered in the first instance to families ________________ homes had been destroyed in the tsunami.
3. The company was forced to cut prices and lay off staff, but the problems didn’t end ________________.
4. As it became obvious an economic crisis was looming, the Republicans were divided among ________________ as to the best course of action to take.
5. Bogart’s most famous movie was probably Casablanca, ________________ was made in 1942.
6. Prices in New York are roughly 30% cheaper than ________________ in London.
7. People who adopt children tend to be people who have no children of ________________ own but who desperately want some.
8. The voice at the end of the phone was ________________ of a young man.
9. We have tea or coffee: ________________ would you prefer?
10. Most people passed the exam, and ________________ that failed were allowed to retake it a month later.
11. Immigrants often come to the country on their own, and then ask their families to join ________________ at a later date.
12. Those who want to see Las Vegas and sample all of ________________ attractions are going to need a lot of money.
13. AZB Ltd claimed that the invention was legally ________________, and sued their competitor for breaching their design copyright.
14. The Republican Party have come under a lot of pressure, but ________________ refuse to bow down to popular pressure.
15. The winner was a Chinese composer, ________________ composition “Blue String” combined elements of classical Chinese and Western music.
16. We’ve been thinking about the offer ________________ you made last week.
17. We need to prepare ________________ for the struggle that we are about to face.
18. The software has a few glitches, but the real problem lies in the computer, and not in the software ________________.
19. Fees must be paid in full before the course begins. Alternatively, you can pay ________________ in 6 monthly installments through the first semester.
20. As part of the survey, we asked members of the public questions about ________________ their work, their hobbies, how they spent their vacation, and so on.

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Vocabulary Practice 13: Presenting an argument

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Vocabulary Practice 13: Presenting an argument

Exercise 1: Read the text below, in which somebody is trying to decide whether to go straight to university from school, or spend a year traveling around the world. Put their argument into the correct order, using the key words and expressions in bold to help you. The first one and last one have been done for you.

A. (1) I’m really in two minds about what to do when I leave school. Should I go straight to university or should I spend a year traveling around the world?
B. It is often said that knowledge is the key to power, and I cannot disagree with this.
C. On the one hand, I would experience lots of different cultures.
D. Unfortunately, another point is that if I spent a year traveling I would need a lot of money.
E. And I’m not alone in this opinion. Many consider a sound career and a good salary to be an important goal.
F. However, it could be argued that I would also meet lots of interesting people while I was traveling.
G. Secondly, if I go straight to university, I’ll learn so many things that will help me in my future life.
H. First of all, there are so many benefits to going straight to university.
I. But I believe that it would be easy to make a bit while I was traveling, giving English lessons or working in hotels and stores.
J. Moreover, I’ll be able to take part in the social activities that the university offers, and meet lots of new friends who share the same interests.
K. The most important point is that the sooner I get my qualifications, the quicker I’ll get a job and start earning.
L. Nevertheless, these inconveniences would be an inevitable part of traveling and would be greatly outweighed by the other advantages.
M. In my opinion, starting work and making money is one of the most important things in life.
N. On the other hand, I could end up suffering from culture shock, homesickness, and some strange tropical diseases.
O. Furthermore, if I spent a year traveling, I would learn more about the world.
P. (16) All right, I’ve made my mind up. Now, where’s my nearest travel agency
Exercise 2. Using the key words and expressions in bold from the last exercise, present an argument for one of the following issues, or choose one of the essays from the Topics section of the book:
1. A government’s main priority is to provide education for its people.
2. The only way to save the environment is for governments to impose strict quotas on the energy we use (for example, by restricting car ownership, limiting the water we use).
3. Satisfaction in your job is more important than the money you earn.
4. Living in a town or city is better than living in the countryside.

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Vocabulary Practice 12: Phrasal Verbs 2

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Vocabulary Practice 12: Phrasal Verbs 2

Exercise 1:Each of these sentences can be completed with come, get, give, go, or look to make a phrasal verb in bold. In some cases, more than one answer is possible. Make sure you use the correct form of the verb in each one. The phrasal verb is explained in brackets at the end of each sentence.

1. In rural districts, it can be difficult to _________ by without a car. (to work and operate efficiently)
2. I’d like you to _________ over these figures and tell me if you think the project is possible. (to check something carefully)
3. Large industries can no longer _________ away with dumping industrial waste in rivers. (to avoid being punished for doing something wrong or illegal)
4. Developed countries are usually able to _________ through a period of recession by drawing on financial reserves. (to manage to deal with a difficult situation until it is over)
5. People who have to _________ after elderly relatives or other dependents should receive financial support. (to take care of someone or something and make certain they have everything they need)
6. We decided to _________ through with our plans as soon as we had sufficient capital. (to do something you have planned or agreed to do, especially after not being sure you wanted to do it)
7. It can be very difficult to _________ down to studying for exams when the weather is nice. (to start doing something seriously or with a lot of effort)
8. Lights _________ out across the country as power workers went on strike. (to stop burning or shining)
9. The committee were asked to _________ into the latest crime statistics and try to establish a pattern. (to try to discover the facts about something such as a problem or crime)
10. After years of decline, government investment is revitalizing the area, and things are beginning to _________ up. (to get better, or appear to get better)
11. Scientists _________ across the cure by accident, while studying the health benefits of a rare species of plant. (to find something by chance)
12. Very few students _________ forward to their end-of-semester exams. (to feel happy and excited about something that is going to happen)
13. Generally, people are reluctant to break unpopular rules, but will try to _________ around them somehow. (to find a way of dealing with a problem or avoiding it)
14. The first step to a healthier lifestyle is to _________ up smoking. (to stop doing something you do regularly)
15. The governor _________ up against a lot of opposition from locals when she proposed building a jail near the city limits. (to have to deal with something difficult or unpleasant)
16. Even if you fail the first time, you should _________ on trying. (to continue doing something)
17. The anti-smoking message is finally _________ through to people. (to make someone understand what you are trying to say)
18. As ticket prices _________ up, fewer people go to the theater and prefer to stay at home with a video. (to increase in price)

 

Exercise 2: Instructions as above.
1. Doctors realized there was going to be a problem when several people in the same village ___________ down with suspected food poisoning. (to become ill with a particular disease)
2. People often ___________ up the idea of starting their own company when they realize the risks that are involved. (to no longer want to do something)
3. Before entering an agreement, it is essential to ___________ over the details very carefully. (to check something carefully)
4. People who live in close proximity to one another must learn to ___________ along with their neighbors. (to try to like someone and be friendly to them)
5. It was only after he ___________ into his inheritance after his father died that he was able to expand the company. (to receive money or property when someone dies)
6. After the revolution, it took almost five years for the country to ___________ around to opening its borders. (to do something after you have intended to do it for some time)
7. New legislation lays down strict penalties for vehicles which ___________ off excess exhaust. (to produce a gas or smell)
8. People who want to know how to ___________ about starting their own company should talk to a trained adviser. (to start dealing with a situation, problem, job, etc., in a particular way)
9. When supply of a particular good exceeds demand, it is common for the price to ___________ down. (to become cheaper)
10. Nothing ___________ of the company’s plans to develop solar-powered vehicles. (to be the result of something)
11. The final bill for the project will ___________ to almost $10 million. (to reach a particular total when everything is added together)
12. For most poor people, ___________ out of the cycle of poverty can be next to impossible. (to avoid or escape from an unpleasant situation)
13. In any dispute with an insurance company, it is usually the consumer who ___________ off the worst. (to achieve a particular result in an activity, especially a competition, fight, or argument)
14. It took a long time for the country to ___________ over the effects of the civil war. (to recover from something)
15. The threat of severe reprisals meant that many refused to ___________ themselves up to the police. (to surrender to someone in a position of authority, especially to the police)
16. Some people tend to ___________ down on others who are less fortunate purely because of their financial situation. (to think that you are better or more important than someone else)
17. The government had decided to stand firm on their decision, but under pressure from protesters, they decided to ___________ in and reduce tax on gasoline. (to stop competing or arguing and accept that you cannot win)
18. By the time the message ___________ through it was too late to evacuate the residents. (to be connected to someone by telephone, email, text message, etc.)
Don’t forget that many phrasal verbs can have more than one meaning. Try to develop your own written “bank” of the phrasal verbs you learn. This should show as many different meanings as possible for each phrasal verb. You should then try to remember these so that they become a part of your “productive” vocabulary.

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Speaking Pratice 3: Phrases for Both Tasks 5 and 6

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Speaking Pratice 3: Phrases for Both Tasks 5 and 6

Naming the source:

  • According to [the woman/professor].
  • The [male student/professor] says that.
  • The [student/professor] states that. (for reporting facts, not opinions)
  • In the [lecture/conversation], we heard that..
  • As the [student/professor] says, …

Showing a contrast:

  • But on the other hand,.
  • Meanwhile,.
  • In contrast,.
  • ., however,.
  • But at the same time.
  • Whereas………

Listing:

  • First of all,.
  • ., for one.
  • First,. Second,.
  • Besides that,.
  • What’s more,.
  • More importantly,.
  • But what’s more important is that.
  • There’s also the fact that.

Clarifying:

  • What I mean to say is that.
  • To put it another way,.
  • That is,.
  • I mean,.

Sample Question: Briefly summarize the problem the speakers are discussing. Then state which of the two solutions from the conversation you would recommend. Explain the reasons for your recommendation.

Summarizing the problem:

  • [The female student] is facing a problem with.
  • The issue is that.
  • The problem the students discuss is that.
  • The situation is

Reporting suggested solutions:

  • [The male student] is thinking about.
  • [He/she] is considering.
  • [He/she] points out that [he/she] could.

Reporting opinions:

  • [She] is afraid that. (possible negative result of solution)
  • [He/she] feels that.
  • The [man] is of the opinion that.

Giving your opinion

  • If you ask me,.
  • Personally, I. (Always include “I” after “personally”!)
  • If it were up to me, I would.
  • I’d say that [he/she] should.
  • I think it’s better to.

Explaining why

  • That’s because.
  • The reason I say that is that.
  • After all,.

Sample Answer 1:

The issue is that the woman has two different plans for Thursday evening, and she’s not sure which she should do. First, her friend’s gonna go to Spain, and she wants to be at the going-away party. According to the woman, she won’t see her friend for a long time after that. But at the same time, uhh. she’s afraid that there will be many people at the party, so she—she won’t be able to see her friend. The second plan is to study for her history test. it’s the next day. However, she points out that she already has a high grade, so she doesn’t need to ace the test. If you ask me, I’d say that she should study for the test. After all, she can explain to her friend and say good bye separately, not at the party.

Sample Answer 2:

Well, ummm.. the problem the students discuss is pretty simple. The woman is choosing between going to a party, uh……. her friend’s goodbye party, or studying for a history quiz. On the one hand, she wants to say goodbye to her friend. but the man points out that many people will be at the party, not just the Spanish friend. And on the other hand, she feels that a good student would study. But still, she already has good marks in the class, and she thinks that she might insult her friend by not going to the party. Personally, I think it’s better to go to the party. The reason I say that is that a bad quiz grade, like. it won’t have a big effect on the student’s total grade, but meanwhile, she only has one opportunity to go to the party.

Sample Question

Using points and examples from the lecture explain the difference between inbound and outbound marketing.

Describing an overview

  • At the beginning of the lecture,.
  • At the start, the professor defines.
  • [He/she] introduces the [concept of.. ./theory of.]
  • [He she] defines the terms [“inbound marketing”] as.
  • [The professor] gives a brief explanation of what [two types of marketing are]. Comparing
  • Both [inbound] and [outbound marketing] are.
  • In both cases.
  • Similarly,.
  • In the same way, .
  • That’s also true of..

Reporting examples

  • The professor explains this [with the example of./by describing.]
  • The professor illustrates [that point/the idea] [with the example of./by describing.]
  • [He/she] elucidates [the concept/the idea] [with the example of./by describing.]
  • [He/she] elaborates with some more specific examples, such as.
  • According to the [lecture/professor], one instance of this is.

Sample Answer 1

At the start, the professor defines uhh.. he calls them “inbound” and “outbound” marketing. Both types are ways that businesses get new customers. But whereas outbound marketing includes things like advertisements, inbound marketing includes umm. like, articles and information. That is, inbound marketing is material for people to find, y’know, when they want help. The professor illustrates the difference with a website, uhh, a site that sells shoes. He gives the example of a billboard advertisement as outbound marketing. It, uhh, the customer does not try to find it, and maybe they don’t want it. Then the professor explains how the same company could.. they could rate different brands of shoes on their site, and people might search for those ratings and find the site. The big idea is that both inbound and outbound marketing bring people to the website, but inbound customers are, uhhh. they’re being helped by the marketing.

Sample Answer 2

The professor first. he gives a brief explanation of “inbound” and “outbound” marketing. The latter is, umm, it’s traditional marketing. He elaborates with a specific example, a shoe website that buys some advertising. Maybe customers will see the ads, and then they’ll go to the website. As the professor says, in the same way, inbound marketing has the goal of bringing customers to the website. But at the same time, it has some differences, because the advertisement didn’t help the customer. umm. they didn’t try to find the ad. On the other hand, inbound marketing could help the customer. In the lecture, we heard the example of that same shoe company, uhhh, writing articles rating different shoes. So if somebody is researching shoes, they might find the articles and go to the shoe company’s website. In both cases, customers go to the website, but the professor says that inbound marketing is based more on the customer’s needs.

 

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Vocabulary Practice 11: Phrasal Verb 1

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Vocabulary Practice 11: Phrasal Verb 1

Phrasal verbs are very common in English, and should be learnt like any other item of English vocabulary. In the TOEFL, they are tested in the Listening Comprehension section, and appear frequently in other parts of the test.
Exercise 1:In the following sentences, choose the correct verb in bold to complete the phrasal verb in italics. The meaning of each phrasal verb is given in brackets at the end of each sentence.

1. Some parents are criticized for the way they bring / make / throw up their children. (to raise children)
2. They refused to move / face / come up to their responsibilities, with disastrous consequences. (to accept an unpleasant state of affairs, and try to deal with it)
3. The President decided to shout / cry / call off his visit to Europe. (to not to go ahead with a plan)
4. It is only at election time that senators add / count / read on support from their constituents. (to rely / depend on other people)
5. Many developing countries are failing to run / chase / catch up with their more developed neighbors. (to get to the same level)
6. It can take months or even years for political scandals to die / cut / fall down. (to become less strong)
7. An alarming number of students jump / drop / fall out of school early every year. (to leave a race, a competition, a course of study, etc., early or before you have finished)
8. Major international companies can’t carry / cut / figure out the popularity of the anti-capitalist movement. (informal: to find it hard to understand)
9. The committee members dropped / made / fell out over plans for the new health center. (to argue)
10. If they examined the issues more closely, they would search / look / find out the reasons. (to discover)
11. As we grow / stand / look up our priorities change. (to change from being children to being adults)
12. Salaries very rarely catch / keep / work up with the cost of living. (to rise at the same speed as something else)
13. The latest government report leaves / keeps / throws out the real reasons for current demographic shifts. (to not include)
14. The journalist showed / pointed / spoke out the mistakes made by the agency over the last few years. (to show)
15. Before you write your essay, you should search / hunt / look into the Party’s history. (to research)
16. Nobody at the meeting carried / brought / moved up the subject of paid leave. (to start discussing a subject)
17. Once people lose / jump / fall behind with their mortgage payments, they come under extreme financial pressure from their bank. (to fail to do something or pay something at the time that you should)
18. The first step to a healthier lifestyle is to cut / slice / chop down on the amount of saturated fats you eat. (to start doing less of something, usually because it is bad for you)

Exercise 2: Instructions as above. In one of the sentences, all of the verbs are possible.

1. During the early 2000’s, a lot of state-run schools were controlled / taken / acquired over by private companies. (to start to do something in place of someone else)
2. In my last essay, I tried to argue / place / put forward the arguments in favor of global capitalism. (to suggest or state the case for something)
3. Despite the seriousness of the illness, he managed to carry / pull / take through. (to recover from a serious illness or accident)
4. A lot of restrictions on imports have been done / gone / put away with. (to get rid of something)
5. If you have a complaint, put it in writing and ask the company to investigate / look / see into it for you. (to try to discover the facts about something such as a problem)
6. It is very important to carry / work / do out my instructions carefully. (to do something that you have been told to do, often in a particular way)
7. Many employees went / kept / carried on working despite pressure from the unions. (to continue)
8. The drug’s effects are very powerful, but they begin to wear / come / fall off after a few hours. (to gradually disappear or become less intense)
9. The meeting will be canceled if not enough people arrive / move / turn up. (to come somewhere, often unexpectedly)
10. At first, sales of the product were slow, but they kicked / hit / picked up when people realized how useful it was. (to slowly improve)
11. I have given / put / moved across several suggestions, but so far they have all been ignored. (to explain an idea, often in a way that is easy for people to understand)
12. I came / ran / moved into Laura outside the theater last week. (to meet someone by chance)
13. This course has set / moved / put me back by about $2000. (informal: to cost someone a particular amount of money, especially a large amount)
14. When I look / consider / move back on my childhood, I remember the many sacrifices my parents made for me. (to think about something that happened in the past)
15. We were all disappointed with the way things turned / came / changed out. (to develop in a particular way or have a particular result)
16. The exhibition was so popular that a lot of visitors had to be pushed / turned / thrown away. (to be not allowed to enter a building)
17. The total cost of the project makes / moves / works out to about $250,000. (to add up to a particular amount)
18. The telephone service is rather unreliable, and it’s quite common to be cut / shut / run off in the middle of a conversation. (to be disconnected while talking on the telephone)

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Speaking Practise 2: Phrases for Both Tasks 3 and 4

By Wiki Study in Speaking 0 Comment

Speaking Practise 2: Phrases for Both Tasks 3 and 4

Task 3:

Naming the source:

  • According to [the announcement/student/professor].
  • The [text/student/professor] says that.
  • The [text/student/professor] states that. (for reporting facts, not opinions)
  • In the text, we saw that.
  • In the [lecture/conversation], we heard that..
  • From the [reading/lecture], we know that. (for a definite fact)
  • As the [text/student/professor] says, .

Showing a contrast:

  • But on the other hand,.
  • Meanwhile,.
  • In contrast,.
  • ., however,.
  • But at the same time.

Listing:

● First of all,…

● …, for one.

● First,… Second,…

● Besides that,…

● What’s more,…

● More importantly,…

● But what’s more important is that…

● There’s also the fact that…
Clarifying:

  • What I mean to say is that.
  • To put it another way,.
  • That is,.
  • I mean,.

Sample Question:

The woman expresses her opinion about the plan described in the article. Briefly summarize the plan. Then state her opinion about the plan, and explain the reasons she gives for holding that opinion.

Showing disagreement:

  • While [the text says.], [the student thinks.]
  • Although [the text says.], [the student thinks.]

Reporting an opinion:

  • The [man] agrees/disagrees that.
  • In the [student’s] eyes/opinion…
  • [She] believes that.
  • The [man] is of the opinion that.
  • The [student] claims.
  • [He/she] points out that..

Sample Answer 1:

The announcement told us that next year, students will have to pay to park cars—that is, park near the class buildings, specifically. People will need to register their cars in order to park there. But one of the students… the man in the conversation… he believes that it’s a bad decision. He says that the university isn’t going to make money, because the money students pay will be spent on additional security to check that cars in the lots are uhh, paid for… I mean, that they’re registered. More importantly, he believes that students will be upset, and although the school will write tickets to punish unregistered cars, the students aren’t, uhh, aren’t gonna pay them. Basically, the student is of the opinion that the school is going to create dissatisfaction without gaining anything, while they could instead just keep the current system.

Sample Answer 2:

According to the text, there’s a new policy on campus parking, and students are gonna need to register their cars. What’s more, they’ll have to pay a fee to be allowed to park in the lots near the classroom buildings, and, uhh…. the reading states that the fee is going to provide extra money for the school to spend on building more parking lots. But the male student, on the other hand, disagrees that the school will actually be able to earn any money. He claims that the expenses of the new registration system, will… are gonna cost too much, so in his eyes the registration system can only create problems. While the text says that students who don’t register will be fined, the student points out that security won’t know who unregistered cars belong to, so he claims that people won’t pay the fines.

Task 4:

Sample Question:

Using the examples of North American English and Jamaican English, explain what is meant by “stress timing” and “syllable timing” in languages.

Describing an overview

● [The reading/text/passage] introduces the [concept of…/theory of…]

● [The reading/text/passage] defines the term [“exoplanet”/”parthenogenesis”/“stress timing”…] as…

● [The reading/text/passage] gives an overview of… ● We get a brief explanation of what [“exoplanet”/”parthenogenesis”] means from the text. It is…

● In the [reading/text/passage], we get general definition of…

Reporting examples:

● The professor explains this [with the example of…/by describing…]

● The professor illustrates [that point/the idea] [with the example of…/by describing…]

● [He/she] elucidates [the concept/the idea] [with the example of…/by describing…]

● [He/she] elaborates with some more specific examples, such as…

● According to the [lecture/professor], one instance of this is…

Sample Answer 1

In the reading, we get a general definition of “syllable timing” and “stress timing,” which are ways to describe how a language sounds when it is spoken. In other words, they are categories we can put languages in based on their rhythms. The professor illustrates the difference with the examples of Jamaican English and standard North American English. The lecturer states that Jamaican English speakers, for instance, don’t, uhh. they don’t stress individual syllables very much. Instead, they… well, they stress each syllable the same, whereas North American English speakers, do the opposite, according to the professor. I mean, they stress some syllables extra. So basically, that makes the language stress-timed, because the speed of a sentence changes based on how many stresses there are.

Sample Answer 2

The text introduces the topics of, uhh…, of two different types of language rhythm. It basically just defines the two, which are, um, either with emphasis on every sound or only on some sounds. One concrete instance of this, uh.., according to the professor, is North American English. What I mean to say is that North American English has emphasis on only some sounds, and so the syllables in between go faster. On the other hand, the professor explains languages with the other timing by describing Jamaican English. In Jamaican, the sounds all get similar emphasis, and, more importantly, the speed of the language depends on how many syllables there are. unlike, as the professor says, North American English, which depends on how many emphasized sounds there are.

The final two speaking tasks are about recordings that you will need to listen to carefully. Similar to tasks three and four, reporting speech is important. Task five also includes your opinion, so some of the same language from tasks one and two can also be used there. Task six is very similar to task four, except it describes the relationship between two ideas or phenomena—whereas task four sometimes gives two specific examples of just one idea.

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Vocabulary Practise 10: Opposites (Adjectives)

By Wiki Study in Vocab & Grammar 0 Comment

Vocabulary Practise: Opposites (Adjectives)

*Note: If you need the answer keys, please comment below to let us know and we will send it to you. If you have any concerns, please comment below!

Exercise 1: Replace the adjectives in bold in sentences 1 – 28 with a word or expression from the box which has an opposite meaning in the same context.

  • approximate
  • archaic artificial
  • clear
  • common place
  • compulsory
  • considerable
  • crude
  • delicate
  • detrimental
  • dim
  • easy
  • even
  • feasible
  • flexible
  • graceful
  • innocent
  • intricate
  • negligible
  • problematic
  • scarce
  • smooth
  • reluctant
  • spontaneous
  • tedious
  • vibrant
  • worthless
  • worthwhile
    1. The meaning of his words was very ambiguous.
    2. According to his colleagues, he’s a very awkward person to deal with.
    3. When she first started dancing, she was very awkward.
    4. His policies were beneficial to the economy as a whole.
    5. We need exact figures before we embark on a new venture.
    6. The jury decided he was guilty of the crime.
    7. Add up all the odd numbers between 1 and 20 to get a result.
    8. Despite the weather, supplies of food after the harvest were plentiful.
    9. The laws restricting pollution in the city are very rigid.
    10. There is a slight difference in the way the company is run these days compared with a few years ago.
    11. The device is very sophisticated and should only be operated by someone who is familiar with it.
    12. The spices used in the production of some international dishes have a very strong flavor.
    13. The bright light from the flashlight picked out details on the walls of the cave.
    14. Attendance at afternoon classes should be voluntary.
    15. A lot of students are willing to attend classes on Saturday morning.
    16. Newspapers are saying a lot about the country’s modern licensing laws.
    17. Many students believe that doing voluntary work for charities is a pointless cause.
    18. The country displayed all the features of a stagnant economy.
    19. Her lectures are extremely interesting.
    20. Planned demonstrations and strikes took place all over the city.
    21. The plans they presented were simple and well written.
    22. A close study of the painting by experts revealed it to be priceless.
    23. The new rules had a profound impact on everyone’s behavior.
    24. What you are asking me to do is quite impossible.
    25. Contrary to what many people think, this is a very rare event.
    26. Organizing a fundraising event can be surprisingly simple.
    27. From a distance, the surface of the planet appears to be very rough.
    28. The confectionery contained several flavors, all of them natural.

Exercise 2:A lot of adjectives can be made into their opposite form by adding a prefix (un-, in-, dis-, il-, etc.) to the beginning of the word.
Task 1: Decide which of the prefixes from the first box can be used to make opposites of the words in the second box.
Task 2: Without looking at your answers to Task 1, look at the following sentences and paragraphs. In each one there is one word which has been given the wrong prefix. Decide which word is wrong and correct it.

is-              il-              im-                  in-                          ir-                              un-
  • acceptable
  • accurate
  • adequate
  • advantaged
  • agreeable
  • attractive
  • authorized
  • avoidable
  • believable
  • certain
  • comfortable
  • competent
  • complete
  • conscious
  • contented
  • convincing
  • correct
  • curable
  • even
  • fair
  • fashionable
  • honest
  • inclined
  • legal
  • limited
  • literate
  • logical
  • married
  • mature
  • moral
  • mortal
  • obedient
  • organized
  • patient
  • perfect
  • personal
  • possible
  • proper
  • pure
  • qualified
  • rational
  • regular
  • relevant
  • replaceable
  • resistible
  • resolute
  • responsible
  • satisfactory
  • satisfied
  • sufficient
  • welcome
    1. He is a very (A) disagreeable man and he makes visitors feel very (B) unwelcome, but the management think he’s (C) irreplaceable and are (D) uninclined to fire him.
    2. Insider dealing is not only (A) immoral and (B) inhonest, but also (C) illegal: companies are legally bound to take the strongest possible action against such (D) unacceptable behavior by their employees.
    3. It is an (A) unavoidable fact, but in a competitive job market, those who are (B) unqualified or who have (C) insufficient work experience will find themselves seriously (D) disadvantaged.
    4. She was described by her boss as being (A) unresponsible, (B) incompetent, and (C) immature, which she considered extremely (D) unfair.
    5. In return for an increased investment, the company offered (A) unlimited returns for their investors. While many found such an offer (B) irresistible, some thought the promises were (C) inconvincing and were (D) uncomfortable about parting with so much money.
    6. He had clearly given his presentation (A) disadequate preparation, and many in the audience challenged the points he made, saying they were (B) inaccurate and (C) illogical. Despite this, he remained (D) irresolute in his views, although the only person he managed to convince was himself.
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Vocabulary practise 9: Opposites (Verbs)

By Wiki Study in Vocab & Grammar 0 Comment

Vocabulary practise 9: Opposites (Verbs)

*Note: If you need the answer keys, please comment below to let us know and we will send it to you. If you have any concerns, please comment below!

Exercise 1: Replace the verbs in bold in sentences 1 – 26 with a word or expression from the box which has an opposite meaning in the same context. In many cases you will need to change the form of the word (for example, to its past simple form). 

  • abandon
  • abolish
  • attack
  • conceal
  • decline
  • demolish
  • deny
  • deteriorate
  • exaggerate
  • extend fall
  • forbid
  • gain
  • hire
  • lend
  • loosen
  • lower
  • postpone
  • refuse
  • reject
  • replenish
  • reward
  • set
  • simplify
  • succeed
  • withdraw

1. They accepted the offer of a ceasefire.

2. He admitted telling lies in his original statement.

3. They agreed to meet to discuss the future of the organization.

4. The senator defended his opponent’s policies in a televised speech.

5. The apartments blocks they built were the ugliest in the city.

6. He complicated matters by rewriting the original proposal.

7. They continued their plans to assassinate the king when he opened Parliament.

8. He deposited $10,000 – half his college fees for the forthcoming year.

9. Relations between the two countries have improved considerably in the last year.

10. He permitted us to present our petition directly to the President.

11. The members of the commune were punished for their part in the revolution.

12. He raised the overall standards of the company within two months of his appointment. 13. As soon as the sun rose, the demonstrators began to appear on the streets.

14. Prices rose sharply in the first three months of the financial year.

15. As soon as he had tightened the knots, he pushed the boat out.

16. To everyone’s surprise, she failed.

17. Tomorrow’s meeting has been brought forward. 18. The management said that they would be happy to borrow the money.

19. Several flaws in the design of the new model were revealed.

20. The course has been shortened to 12 weeks.

21. I don’t want to underestimate his role in the club.

22. Attendance has increased since the new professor took over the course.

23. Fuel supplies have been exhausted.

24. Despite having a bigger and cheaper choice of healthy foods, many Americans have lost a lot of weight.

25. Following the revolution, the monarchy was restored.

26. The company started seeing some success once they dismissed several employees.

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VOCABULARY ON TOPIC FOR TOEFL IBT 11: ENVIRONMENT

By Wiki Study in Vocab & Grammar 0 Comment

ENVIRONMENT

  1. Environmental problems

Green (issues): A very common synonym for “environmental”

Global warming : An example of man’s effect on the environment The greenhouse effect: Connected to global warming The natural world Deforestation: Cutting down forests

Rainforests : A useful example when discussing environmental problems

  1. The Environment

An ecosystem: The system where plants and animals support one another (Endangered) species: Examples include the Giant Panda Biodiversity: Variety of plant and animal file in a region A habitat: The natural habitat of an animal is where it lives The planet: A synonym for the Earth The Earth: Note the capital letter and “the”

The natural world: Includes both animal and plant life

  1. Pollution

Dump waste : If factories dump waste, they illegally deposit (normally dangerous) waste

Acid rain: rain that is “poisonous” because of the poor air quality

Factories and power stations: Two examples of sources of pollution

Carbon Monoxide and carbon dioxide: Names of two gases useful of discussing acid rain and the green house effect

Fumes/Emissions: These are the gases that are produced by cars and factories that cause pollution

Chemicals and fertilisers: Useful examples of products that cause water pollution

(Industrial) waste: We also talk about waste products Air/Water quality: This can be affected by pollution

Smog : An extreme form of air pollution almost like fog

Pollution: Remember “air and water pollution”: other forms of the word include “pollute” and “pollutants”.

I would have said that one of the most serious environmental problems today is of course pollution. It’s a very pressing green issue and if you travel to any of the large cities in China, for example, you’ll find that there is very bad air pollution and there is a layer of smog hanging over the cities. It’s just air pollution, there is also water pollution. in many parts of the world, the quality of the water is not good because rivers have been contaminated by all sorts of industrial waste, by chemicals and fertilisers. And what we need to do is to recycle our waste and take care of the planet and try use renewable resources where we possibly can.

  1. Our effect on the natural world

When we’re the discussing the environment, it’s important not to forget that our actions have an impact not only on us but on the natural world and other species. So, for example, certain species are now endangered because of our actions. it’s not just because of hunting, but because we have destroyed their natural habitats: they do not enough food or anywhere to live. If we carry on in this way, the biodiversity of the planet is under threat.

  1. Global warming

What’s the greatest threat to the Earth today? I’d have to say it’s probably a combination of global warming and the greenhouse effect. I don’t understand all the science behind it, but I understand it’s to do with the build up of gases such as carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, which means that the planet is slowly but steadily getting warmer. and one of the results of this is that the polar icecap is melting and the levels of the oceans are rising. And it’s caused I understand by deforestation, particularly of rainforests and particularly in the Amazonian Basin. And what this means is that we may be doing irreparable harm to the planet and the future of the planet for our children and our children’s children looks really rather bleak.

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TOEFL IBT PRACTISE TEST 33 FROM MASTERING SKILLS FOR TOEFL IBT

By Wiki Study in Listening 26 Comments
TOEFL iBT Listening Practice Test 33

TOEFL IBT PRACTISE TEST 33 FROM MASTERING SKILLS FOR TOEFL IBT

*Note: Comment below if you need the answer key from us. If you have any concerns, please comment below!

 

TASK I


Directions: Listen to Track 86.

Directions: Now answer the questions.

1.What are the speakers mainly discussing?

  • Getting financial aid for college
  • Planning a student’s course schedule for the next four years
  • Taking courses during the summer session
  • Differences in admissions requirements between Hooper University and two other schools

2.Why does the student want to take classes at City College?

  • Because Hooper University does not offer the classes he wants
  • Because City College classes cost less money than ones at Hooper University
  • So that he can take classes on the weekend
  • So that he can graduate from Hooper University early

3. Why will the man probably take only two courses?

  • Students are limited to two summer courses.
  • He can attend classes only on Saturday and Sunday.
  • His financial aid will pay for only two courses.
  • His summer job will keep him from taking more than two courses.

4. What will Ms. Brinker probably do for the man? Choose 2 answers.

  • Give the man a student ID number
  • Give the man a financial aid form
  • Help the man figure out which classes to take                                                                              .
  • Help the man apply to Hooper University
  • Put the man’s information into the City College admission system

5.Listen to Track 87.

  • The man waited too long to apply to City College
  • The man should not attend Hooper University.
  • The man will be able to do what he wants to do.
  • The man is very unlucky.

World History

 

Directions: Now answer the questions.

6.What is the main purpose of the lecture?

  • To compare the study of world history to the study of United States history
  • To explain to the students their next assignment
  • To explain different approaches to the study of world history
  • To explain the origins of history as an academic discipline

7.Why does the professor mention the Western-Heritage Model used in her high school?                                                                                                          y

  • To explain why she prefers using the model
  • To emphasize that the model was widely used in the past
  • To correct an error in a student’s description of the model
  • To compare high school history courses to college history courses

8.According to the professor, what is an advantage of the Different-Cultures Model?

  • It focuses on the history of the United States.
  • It is based upon the most widely researched theories.
  • It includes the history of a variety of cultural groups.
  • It makes thematic connections across different cultural groups.

9. What aspect of Islamic civilization will the professor likely discuss in the course?

  • A succession of Islamic rulers
  • The ancient origins of Islamic architecture
  • The isolation of European cultures from Islamic influence
  • Islamic elements in African cultures

10.Match each of the topics below with the type of world history course in which it would most likely be discussed.

Write your answer choices in the spaces where they belong

The Western-Heritage Model The Different-Cultures Model The Patterns-of-Change Model
     

Answer Choices

  • The contributions of Native American art to United States culture
  • The independent discovery of printing techniques in Asia and Europe
  • Ancient Roman foundations of the United States legal system

11. Listen to Track 89.

  • She doubts that the course will fulfill the students’ expectations.
  • She hopes that the students selected the course because of their interest.
  • She is pleased that the course will fulfill the requirements.
  • She is worried that the students might not be familiar with the course requirements.

Environmental Science

Directions: Now answer the questions.

12.What does the professor mainly discuss? .

  • A common weather pattern in the southern Great Plains region
  • Factors that created an ecological and human disaster
  • Farming techniques introduced during the Dust Bowl era
  • The erosion of grasslands by excessive rainfall

13. What happened during the agricultural expansion in the southern Great Plains?

  • People improved the soil by planting wheat.
  • Raising cattle and other livestock became less common.
  • Most of the landowners became farmers.
  • Much of the grassland was destroyed.

14.What point does the professor make when he mentions that good topsoil takes thousands of years to form?

  • It takes a long time to ruin good topsoil.
  • It was wrong to believe that land could not be damaged.
  • Farmers should not have moved on to other places.
  • Plowing the land creates good topsoil faster than natural processes do.

15.Why does the professor mention that drought is often blamed as the cause of the Dust Bowl?

  • To explain that many tenant farmers had to leave their land before the Dust Bowl era
  • To emphasize that the Dust Bowl resulted mainly from soil erosion
  • To show why the local population increased when rainfall returned to normal
  • To prove that the drought was the worst on record at that time

16.According to the professor, what did the Soil Erosion Act do to improve soil conservation? Choose 2 answers.

  • It provided special equipment for farmers.
  • It encouraged farmers to use better farming techniques.
  • It turned damaged farmland into permanent grassland.
  • It increased the variety of crops grown on each farm. .

17.Listen to Track 91.

  • To ask the students for their opinions
  • To express uncertainty about a historical situation
  • To emphasize a point he has just made
  • To correct an earlier statement

 

Directions: Now answer the questions.

18.Why does the man go to see the woman?

  • To ask her to talk to his professor about an exam
  • To get help completing an assignment
  • To get help understanding why he is having trouble in his classes
  • To ask her opinion about which class he should take

19.What does the man imply about his Spanish class?

  • He helps other students in the class.
  • He is doing well in the class.
  • He cannot complete all the assignments.
  • He needs to study more for the class.

20. What problem does the man have with his reading assignments? ‘

  • He is not interested in what he reads.
  • He cannot memorize definitions of terms.
  • He is overwhelmed by the amount he has to read.
  • He has difficulty identifying what is important information.

21. Why does the woman tell the man about her own experience as a student?

  • To make him aware that other students have similar problems
  • To encourage him to spend more time studying at the library
  • To explain the importance of remembering details
  • To convince him to take a study-skills course

22.What recommendations does the woman make about what the man should do? Choose 2 answers.

  • Underline definitions in the text as he reads
  • Write a summary of what he reads
  • Read the text twice
  • Find additional texts on his own

Astronomy

23.What is the lecture mainly about?

  • How astronomers found the correct interpretation for a certain observation
  • How astronomers distinguish between two kinds of nebulae
  • Various improvements to the telescope over the last 300 years
  • An old problem in astronomy that remains unsolved

24.According to the lecture, how did distant galaxies appear to eighteenth-century astronomers?

  • Like the moons of planets
  • Like small clouds
  • Like variable stars
  • Like bright points of light

25.What could astronomers better estimate once they knew what nebulae really were?

  • The diameter of variable stars
  • The density of cosmic dust
  • The size of the universe
  • The average number of planets in a galaxy

26.According to the professor, what did a 1920s telescope allow astronomers to do for the first time?

  • Study the moons of Jupiter
  • Observe gamma-ray bursters
  • Reject the dust theory of nebulae
  • Prove that galaxies are surprisingly small .

27.What did eighteenth-century astronomers have in common with astronomers today?

  • They could not explain everything they detected with their instruments.
  • They knew the correct distances of objects they could not identify.
  • Their instruments were not powerful enough to detect spiral nebulae.
  • They argued over the natural brightness of variable stars.

28. Listen to Track 94.

  • She is certain about the correct answer.
  • She is now aware that her original idea had a weakness.
  • She is not convinced that the professor is right.
  • She thinks that the professor misunderstood what she said earlier.

Art History

Directions: Now answer the questions.

29.What is the lecture mainly about?

  • Various painting techniques
  • Ways to determine the purpose of a piece of art
  • How moral values are reflected in art
  • How to evaluate a piece of art

30. According to the professor, what did ancient Greek philosophers value in a work of art?

  • An accurate imitation of life
  • An unusual perspective on life
  • The expression of complex emotions
  • The use of symbolism

31. Why does the professor talk about personal taste?

  • To point out its importance in the evaluation of art
  • To help students understand the meaning of aesthetics
  • To show that personal taste and aesthetics are the same
  • To help explain art from different cultures

32.Why does the professor mention wheels and spheres?

  • To illustrate how movement can be expressed in a piece of art
  • To demonstrate that objects are more important than colors in a piece of art
  • To give an example of objects that have symbolic significance
  • To explain why some objects rarely appear in works of art

33.  The professor mentions 4 formal steps used in examining a piece of art. Place the steps in order from first to last.

Write your answer choices in the space where they belong. You can either write the letter of your answer choice or you can copy the sentence.

1  
2  
3  
4  

TASK II: Fill in the blank

Continue reading

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VOCABULARY ON TOPIC FOR TOEFL IBT 9: University Education

By Wiki Study in Vocab & Grammar 0 Comment

 VOCABULARY ON TOPIC FOR TOEFL IBT 9: University Education

  1. A warning – local variations

This list of vocabulary comes from the British educational system. Different countries and cultures frequently use their own terminology. For instance, in American English it is quite possible to describe university as “college” or “school”. These words mean something quite different in British English

  1. Graduate

Graduate (verb): Graduate from university.

A graduate (noun): A graduate of Oxford university/ a graduate in economics.

A postgraduate (noun): He’s a postgraduate student.

An undergraduate (noun): Undergraduates receive a grant.

A fresher (noun): Life can be difficult for freshers.

(it can replace the word “student”

note the different prepositions “of a university” and “from university” and “in a subject”

graduate is quite formal so in speaking you could use “I left university” instead a fresher is a first year student, Americans use “freshman”)

  1. Level of degrees

A first degree: The degree undergraduate do A bachelor’s degree: A synonym for a first degree.

A master’s (degree): He is doing a master’s in politics.

A PhD or a doctorate: Only a few students go on to do a PhD.

  1. Types of education

Higher education: University education

Further education: Normally for more vocational courses and may start from the age of 16.

Adult education: This is normally for non-degree programmes and often is part­time.

*Notes:if you receive a degree from a university, you are in higher education if you receive a diploma or certificate, you are in further education

  1. Types of course

A full- time degree course: Most students follow a full-time degree course.

A part -time degree course: If you are in full-time employment, a part-time may be more suitable.

A distance course: In the age of the internet, more and more people are studying by distance.

A sandwich course: If you want practical experience, a sandwich course is the best option.

  1. Forms of learning

Lecture: The students make notes and listen to lecturer. There may be a question and answer session at the end.

Seminar: Often led by a student on a particular topic. Normally, the idea is everyone gets the chance to talk. Often follows a lecture.

Tutorial: Sometimes teaching one-to-one with a tutor and sometimes the same as a seminar.

notes and common mistakes

a lecturer gives or delivers a lecture and is sometimes used as a rank of university teacher

a tutor is in charge of a seminar or tutorial

we don’t use “class” or “lesson” in university education (although Americans do use “class”)

  1. Financial aid for students

Scholarship: She won a scholarship for her dissertation. (a scholarship is won for academic merit)

Grant: Because she came from a poor background, she was given a grant by local government. (typically a grant is awarded either for a particular project or to allow a student to follow a course)

Loan: Almost all British undergraduates now have student loans that they need to replay when they start earning.

 

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